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Which MATLAB operations/functions need speeding up?

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When using MATLAB, I sometimes come across a performance bottleneck caused by functionality that I believe could be much faster. It is worth bringing these observations to the attention of TMW.
Do you know of any such functionality?
Upvote the suggestions of others you'd like to see TMW tackle.

Answers (23)

Matt J
Matt J on 21 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 21 Nov 2013
SUB2IND and IND2SUB are very frequently used functions. Yet they are still implemented only in Mcode, rather than as compiled builtins.
Even better would be to allow numeric arrays to accept lists of subsripts, e.g.,
A({I,J})
could be equivalent to A(sub2ind(size(A),I,J)) instead of having to convert manually to linear indices.
  2 Comments
John D'Errico
John D'Errico on 1 Jun 2015
I'd very strongly argue that this is how indexing SHOULD be done for scattered indices.

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Cedric
Cedric on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Cedric on 21 Nov 2013
EDITs
  • 11/20, 5:00PM EST - Added comment about OOP.
  • 11/20, 5:10PM EST - Added comment about TRY statements.
  • 11/21, 8:50AM EST - Added comment about documentation.
I found a series of non-built-in functions with bottlenecks over the years, which were or will be converted to built-ins. When looking at the source code, most times the reason was the presence of "slow" tests like ISMATRIX. I usually rewrote these functions specifically for my applications, without unnecessary (in my context) tests. Even for built-ins though, I would appreciate having the possibility to set JIT directives at the beginning the the code, which allow e.g. to disable these tests (or to enable even heavier ones during the development phase). It could be interesting as well to set directives on a per function call basis, e.g.
outVars = someBuiltin[JIT directives](inVars) ;
[a,b,c] = foo[argchk=0](x,y) ; % Or CSL of params/values,
% or more elaborate.
Along with this could come an "advanced" version of the documentation which shows pseudo-code for each function with directive names for enabling/disabling blocks. One great improvement would be to have an indication about the method/algorithm as well.
I propose to put directives before the parentheses, so there is room for implementing the indexing of the output of functions later, e.g.
lastCol = foo[argchk=0](A,b)(:,end) ;
or even accessing methods/properties of object outputs (here, directives are params/values)..
surfaceArea = grid.getCell[argchk,0](28).getSurfaceArea() ;
Finally, it's a different type of optimization, but TRY statements could take arguments setting max memory usage or max execution time:
try('maxExecTime', 1e4, 'maxMemoryUsage', 5e9)
...
catch ME
...
end
  2 Comments
Matt J
Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
I propose to put directives before the parentheses, so there is room for implementing the indexing of the output of functions later, e.g.
I realize this is tangential to your main point but, for your non-builtins, you could probably get pretty close to this modifying my IndexableFunction class.
For example, currently you can get the final column of magic(5) by doing the following
>> F=IndexableFunction(@magic);
>> F{5}(:,end)
ans =
15
16
22
3
9
However, it should be easy enough to enable the syntax
F{version}{5}(:,end)
which would let you choose which of several versions of the function you wanted to run.
EDIT:
To some degree, this can even work with builtins now. For example, you could have
F=IndexableFunction(fbuiltin, fwrapper)
where fbuiltin() is some built-in function and fwrapper() is a wrapper for fbuiltin() that applies the heavier tests that you were mentioning. Then F{1}{args} could call fbuiltin and F{2}{args} could call fwrapper.
Cedric
Cedric on 21 Nov 2013
This is neat actually. I will have a look tomorrow. Thanks!

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
BSXFUN with builtin functions
Bsxfun is useful in that it allows us to vectorize elementwise operations between arrays of different sizes, without using repmat, and the additional time and memory that that requires, to make the arrays the same size. It is therefore disappointing to find that the repmat approach can sometimes be significantly faster, even when using builtin functions. For example:
>> A = uint64(rand(10, 1, 100) * (2 ^ 64));
>> B = uint64(rand(10, 100, 1) * (2 ^ 64));
>> disp(timeit(@() bsxfun(@bitxor, A, B)))
0.0124
>> disp(timeit(@() bitxor(repmat(A, [1 100 1]), repmat(B, [1 1 100]))))
2.7831e-04
In this case the repmat approach offers a 45 times speed up! (Note that I'm using the repmat from the Lightspeed Toolbox, as mentioned in another answer).
  3 Comments
Steven Lord
Steven Lord on 19 Sep 2016
In release R2016b we support implicit expansion in a number of operators and functions.
Matt J
Matt J on 19 Sep 2016
Edited: Matt J on 19 Sep 2016
In release R2016b we support implicit expansion in a number of operators and functions.
That's great! Although, I can imagine people sticking with bsxfun for quite some time to stay compatible with older versions.

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Walter Roberson
Walter Roberson on 21 Nov 2013
OOP used to be very slow; I hear that it is faster now, but it needs to become competitive in speed, at most a small percentage slower. Otherwise, people are not going to bother learning it and using it.

Royi Avital
Royi Avital on 26 Aug 2014
The function `im2col`.
See here:
Those two functions are crucial for "Patch" and locally adaptive image kernels. And they take too long.
I think they should be rewritten using MKL / IPP and get multi threaded care.

Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 13 Apr 2015
CROSS
It is shameful how slow this basic function is. I wrote my own (still in standard MATLAB), and it was 5 times faster. But as a builtin it could be much faster still.

Matt J
Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
ACCUMARRAY
I still have my doubts about whether accumarray is maximally optimized, based on this example. Even if it is as close to optimized on the CPU, there's so much more I could do with it if I had GPU support.
Finally, the 4-argument syntax
accumarray(subs,val,[],fun);
can definitely be better optimized to handle certain choices for fun. Following are some examples of how I workaround the slow behavior of fun=@std and fun=@mean
n = 1e7; % size of daily data
idx = randi(65160,n,1); % 65160 is for 181*360 latitude and longitude
data = randn(n,1);
%%%%%%%%%%%MEAN
tic
accummean = accumarray(idx,data,[],@mean);
toc
%Elapsed time is 2.649816 seconds.
tic
N = accumarray(idx,1);
accummean = accumarray(idx,data)./N;
toc
%Elapsed time is 0.248310 seconds.
%%%%%%%%STD
tic
accumstd = accumarray(idx,data,[],@(x)std(x,1));
toc
%Elapsed time is 4.706466 seconds.
tic;
N = accumarray(idx,1,[]);
idxn=N~=0;
EX= accumarray(idx,data,[]);
EX2= accumarray(idx,data.^2,[]);
accumstd=sqrt(N.*EX2-EX.^2);
accumstd(idxn)=accumstd(idxn)./N(idxn);
toc
%Elapsed time is 0.406712 seconds.
  2 Comments
Oleg Komarov
Oleg Komarov on 20 Nov 2013
Another thing that slows accumarray is that the @fun is called even if there is only one element. This behaviour is also relevant for accuracy of results, e.g. say you wanted to accumulate
f = @(x) sum(x +.3 -.2 -.1),
isequal(f(10),10) % 0
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
Yes, accumarray is definitely ripe for improvement. If the 'fun' argument could also be a function name (string) then such optimisations would be possible internally. Same for bsxfun.

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Matt J
Matt J on 4 Dec 2013
Edited: Matt J on 4 Dec 2013
Operations that modify object properties
obj.prop(i)=1
always create temporary deep copies of the entire property even if prop is a huge array and i is a scalar index. This, of course, slows things down.
I believe this might be done to accomodate the flexibility of property set and get methods. See, for example, this thread, but there should be a property Attribute that can tell MATLAB that prop can have normal in-place access behavior like regular MATLAB arrays.
  5 Comments
Matt J
Matt J on 10 Dec 2013
Edited: Matt J on 10 Dec 2013
There is no need to perform a lot of subsasgn to observe a significant difference. Look at the following..
Hi Cedric,
But you do appear to be doing lots of subsasgn operations (propLen of them) before assigning aProp_ back into obj.aProp.
My claim is that when you change only one of the elements obj.aProp(k), you would save no time using add1_local, and the execution time you do get would still be unnecessarily long.
Cedric
Cedric on 10 Dec 2013
Edited: Cedric on 10 Dec 2013
Hi Matt,
I agree with your claim, but 100 is not that much either. My point is that one shouldn't think "unless I perform millions of subsref/asgn, there is no need for a local copy", because the loss of efficiency can become significant as soon as more than a few "accesses" to properties are performed.
I have the issue with classes that are meant to become new types; the end user might not be able to "vectorize" his/her code, and might have to implement heavy loops. When I am not using local copies of properties which are used more than a few times, I can easily observe a factor two in execution time.

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
REPMAT
Repmat is unnecessarily slow. Internally it produces an index array, which it then uses to create the output array. This is a gross waste of memory and performance. It is well known that repmat can be sped up significantly. Indeed, a much faster implementation can be found in the Lightspeed Toolbox. (I use this as standard, and thoroughly recommend it).
Given how often repmat is used (over 500 times in vanilla MATLAB functions alone), this function really is ripe for conversion to a fast builtin function.
Update: As of R2013b, REPMAT is a builtin function.
  6 Comments
Matt J
Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
repmat can still be faster than bsxfun. See the other answer regarding bsxfun.
Only because some bsxfun behavior is still not optimized, as you pointed out in that answer.
Regardless of speed considerations, repmat always forces one to use up memory for redundant copies of data. It's an unappealing principle. The better way, IMHO, would be to further empower bsxfun and render repmat unnecessary.
Also, it's not practical to do that to all the functions that I use which still use repmat, especially those that come bundled with MATLAB.
Impractical for you, yes. I meant that the MATLAB developers should do it.
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
Copies are unappealing, but elementwise functions which make use of SSE instructions for multiple elements will run faster with the copy than calling the function once per element. The improvement of bsxfun I envisaged would do some copying internally to exploit this. But yes, if bsxfun were always faster then it should definitely replace repmat. However, given the amount of legacy code out there, it seems sensible to make repmat fast anyway. I'm glad TMW have obliged. Now bring on the improvement to bsxfun!

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Oliver Woodford on 6 Jun 2015
IMFILTER with separable filters on multi-channel images.
This particular use case of imfilter is actually slower than using conv2. This is no longer the case in R2015a.
For example:
>> A = rand(1000, 1000, 3);
>> f = ones(7, 1);
>> f_ = f * f';
>> disp(timeit(@() imfilter(A, f_)))
0.1918
>> disp(timeit(@() imfiltsep(A, f, f)))
0.0526
where
function I = imfiltsep(I, fy, fx)
% Compute the padding indices
[H, W, C] = size(I);
sympadding = @(N, n) [floor(n/2)+1:-1:2 1:N N-1:-1:N-ceil(n/2-0.5)];
Y = sympadding(H, numel(fy));
X = sympadding(W, numel(fx));
% For each channel separately
for c = C:-1:1
% Compute the padded array
J = I(Y,X,c);
% Convolve
J = conv2(fy(:), fx(:), J, 'valid');
% Insert into array
I(:,:,c) = J;
end
end
Imfilter should really be at least as fast as conv2, if not faster, given that it uses Intel's IPP. There is no excuse for it being almost 4 times slower (in this particular case).
  3 Comments
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2013
W.r.t. comment #10, my case is slightly different: 2D separable filter, convolving a multi-channel image. Note how common this case is, e.g. Gaussian blurring!
Certainly lots of improvements to the performance of the IPT have been made, which is great. But when there's room for further improvement, I think it's worth highlighting. As you say, faster is always better.
Sadly I don't have the PCT. I wonder if the GPU version does exploit separability in this case.
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 6 Jun 2015
This is no longer the case in R2015a; imfilter is slightly faster than using conv2. I don't know from which release this improvement has been available though. I will investigate. But if somebody knows, please say.

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Matt J
Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 20 Nov 2013
griddedInterpolant
seems under-optimized to me. I often need to do very large interpolation operations on 3D volumes, similar to the following. Professional customized software for my applications always seem to manage to do these kinds of operations much quicker than the 5.2 seconds shown.
N=400;
A=rand(N,N,N);
[x,y,z]=ndgrid(1:N);
f=@(u) u(:)+rand(size(u(:)));
x=f(x); y=f(y); z=f(z);
G=griddedInterpolant(A);
tic;
w=G(x,y,z);
toc;
%Elapsed time is 5.203962 seconds.
Furthermore, when I run the above, the Task Manager shows that my CPU is greatly under-used (only 21% at peak and only 3 of the 12 cores are significantly active).
  3 Comments
Matt J
Matt J on 21 Nov 2013
griddedInterpolant should be expanded to allow non-rectilinear gridded data as input...as it currently stands, one is forced to use scatteredInterpolant to deal with such data
I'm not sure I understand that point, Kelley. By "non-rectilinear" gridded data, don't you just mean scattered data? If so, then there's no obvious reason that griddedInterpolant could help you.
Kelly Kearney
Kelly Kearney on 21 Nov 2013
No, I'm referring to data that definitely lies on a grid, but not necessarily a perfectly regular one. In my case, this is usually geographic data on a small scale (on the order of 1000km), defined on a regular latitude x longitude x depth grid. At this scale, any translation of the lat/lon coordinates (such as to meters, to match the typical depth unit) will result in a little bit of distortion from a perfectly orthogonal grid.
It seems to me that griddedInterpolant would be the better choice here, with neighbors and connectivity being determined by the organization of the input data. The triangulation built by scatteredInterpolant is not well-suited to datasets like this that are nearly-gridded... it can often return very weird values (for example, values well out of the input data range when using a nearest-neighbor interpolant, as the above example does).
Really, the best solution would be to stick with the lat/lon/depth grid but write a variation on griddedInterpolant that uses geographic distance rather than Euclidean. But I haven't gotten around to writing such a function yet...

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Walter Roberson
Walter Roberson on 21 Nov 2013
This is a bit indirect, but:
There needs to be a way to flush an output buffer, including for serial ports and instrument control. Here, I am using "flush" in the sense of sending the data now instead of waiting for a buffer to fill up or for a device timeout. This is not the same sense of "flush" as in Instrument Control Toolbox's "flushoutput" routine, which aborts pending output and removes it from the queue.
The only way to guarantee the buffer is flushed is to use fclose if you open with A or A. Using a or w flushes the buffer after each write.
which is referring to file I/O. It is not completely clear to me that this applies to opening serial ports (or emulators thereof) by name, as that would fall under the fopen (serial) topic.
One particular place that this sort of flushing is needed is if one is speaking via a Serial over USB device. When data is sent to such a device, the data is not transmitted until the buffer is full or a timeout is reached; that timeout is 20 ms (max 50 cycles/second). USB drivers support a "push" request to send the data immediately, but MATLAB does not offer any method to request it. The Unix Way is for flush() or fflush() to take care of details like that... but those routines are not available in MATLAB. POSIX.1 defines that fseek() requires a write flush, and recommends fseek() to the same location (0 bytes relative to current position) in order to synchronize (such as to allow switching between read and write mode.) My testing appeared to indicate that using MATLAB's fseek() this behavior is not supported.
50 Hz maximum for serial interactions over USB is a substantial bottleneck these days.

Royi Avital
Royi Avital on 21 Nov 2013
filter
As published in File Exchange, simple loop unrolling is much faster than the current implementation. Also the GPU implementation isn't as good as expected.
randn
I'd be happy to see a faster random number generator.
  1 Comment
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 27 Nov 2013
The question is roughly "what functions aren't as fast as they could be" rather than "... aren't as fast as we'd like them to be". In the case of randn is there any reason to believe it could be faster?

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 21 Nov 2013
Edited: Oliver Woodford on 21 Nov 2013
Linear 2D interpolation for multi-channel images
A common computation in computer vision, and many other fields, is sampling of a multi-channel image at non-integer pixel locations, using linear interpolation. MATLAB has no reasonably fast way of doing this. I use this functionality everyday in my work, and it is often an algorithmic bottleneck.
To demonstrate, I have the following benchmark
function test_interp2
A = rand(1000, 1000, 5);
X = rand(1e4, 1) * 1000;
Y = rand(1e4, 1) * 1000;
T = [timeit(@() ojw_interp2(A, X, Y)) timeit(@() interp2_(A, X, Y)) timeit(@() gridinterp2(A, X, Y)) timeit(@() gridinterp2_(A, X, Y))];
disp(T / min(T));
end
function B = interp2_(A, X, Y)
for a = size(A, 3):-1:1
B(:,a) = interp2(A(:,:,a), X, Y);
end
end
function B = gridinterp2(A, X, Y)
F = griddedInterpolant(A);
B = F([reshape(repmat(Y, 1, 5), [], 1) reshape(repmat(X, 1, 5), [], 1) reshape(repmat(1:5, numel(X), 1), [], 1)]);
end
function B = gridinterp2_(A, X, Y)
for a = size(A, 3):-1:1
F = griddedInterpolant(A(:,:,a));
B(:,a) = F(Y, X);
end
end
the output of which is (on my PC)
1.0000 63.1709 12.9653 27.6083
This shows that ojw_interp2, which is my own C++ mex implementation (parallelized using OpenMP but not exploiting SSE instructions or IPP, so not especially optimized) is much faster than available MATLAB functionality (unless I'm missing another approach).
  4 Comments
Matt J
Matt J on 21 Nov 2013
Edited: Matt J on 21 Nov 2013
You could just do this couldn't you
F = griddedInterpolant(A);
for a = size(A, 3):-1:1
B(:,a) = F( Y, X);
end
similar to what you've done with interp2. It's not such a big loop if you have only 5 channels and better than replicating all that data. Also, it should be faster than interp2, since interp2 calls griddedInterpolant internally.
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 21 Nov 2013
No, you need to construct the interpolant in the loop. I've added that example to the benchmark in the answer. You'll see that replicating the data is faster.

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 21 Nov 2013
Edited: Oliver Woodford on 11 Aug 2015
TYPECAST
Typecast uses a deep copy rather than a shared data copy, as explained by James Tursa in his typecastx FEX submission. This makes it much slower than necessary for large arrays. On my system:
>> A = rand(1e6, 1);
>> disp(timeit(@() typecast(A, 'uint8')) / timeit(@() typecastx(A, 'uint8')))
284.0158
That is an amazing speed up! I don't use typecast often, but it has been a critical component in a couple of methods (both times the typecast data was large, and was not then updated, making the pre-emptive copy unnecessary), and to know it could easily be that much faster is frustrating.
Thanks to Daniel, Jan Simon and James Tursa for leading me to this.
Update: As of R2014b, TYPECAST no longer copies the data in memory, so is much faster.
  1 Comment
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 10 Aug 2015
Quite a few of the issues raised here have been fixed. Could TMW be reading this question? :)

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Ilham Hardy
Ilham Hardy on 13 Apr 2015
datenum
and
cell2mat
  1 Comment
Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 1 Jun 2015
Is there any reason to believe these functions are slower than they could be?

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Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 5 Jun 2015
It needs a NOP function - a builtin function which does absolutely nothing, but extremely quickly.
In compiled languages like C++ people often place checks in their code, which are compiled out in Release builds, but left in for Debug builds, to find sources of errors more easily.
People sometimes also like to do this in MATLAB, for example as described here. However, the "compiled out" code (the checking function is replaced with a function which does nothing) still takes quite a long time to run.
Consider the following code:
function test()
%debug = @(varargin) disp(varargin{:});
debug = @nop;
c = 1;
for a = 1:1e6
c = c + 1;
debug(c);
end
end
function nop(varargin)
end
In R2015a the profiler outputs this:
The NOP function still takes around 20 times as long as a scalar addition. It would be great if it took 0s.
  7 Comments
Philip Borghesani
Philip Borghesani on 10 Sep 2015
Edited: Philip Borghesani on 11 Sep 2015
It is a bit uglier but try this in R2015b:
function test()
%debug = @(varargin) disp(varargin{:});
dodebug = 0;
c = 1;
for a = 1:1e6
c = c + 1;
if dodebug ,debug(c); end;
end
end
On my machine there is little difference between this and a commented out version (0.008 seconds vs 0.0055 seconds).
Walter Roberson
Walter Roberson on 10 Sep 2015
What would be the timing if you replace the function debug with an array of length (1e6 + 1) ? That is it would be converted into an array reference whose value is to be thrown away; hypothetically the JIT might do better on that.

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Jan
Jan on 9 Oct 2015
Edited: Jan on 9 Oct 2015

Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 20 Nov 2015
Matrix operations involving the transpose of a sparse matrix, especially J' * J and J' * K, where J is a very tall matrix. Constructing the transpose is costly in time, and also memory, in these cases. It would be much better to do the computation without explicitly doing the transpose.

Oliver Woodford
Oliver Woodford on 18 Sep 2016
MATLAB has no documented functions for reading JSON files, and the internal, undocumented method:
matlab.internal.webservices.fromJSON(fileread('myfile.json'))
is slow. In fact, it is over 10x slower than my own mexed version of a C++ library for doing the same task.
Given the ubiquity of JSON nowadays, MATLAB could be doing a lot better.
  1 Comment
Steven Lord
Steven Lord on 19 Sep 2016
The Release Notes list webread (introduced in release R2014b) and jsondecode and jsonencode (both introduced in release R2016b.) Do they satisfy your needs for reading JSON files?

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Chad Greene
Chad Greene on 18 Sep 2016
The scatter function is incredibly slow for large datasets. I've had to switch to using Aslak Grinsted's fastscatter almost exclusively.
  2 Comments
Walter Roberson
Walter Roberson on 18 Sep 2016
Chad, which version are you using?
One of the changes in the just-released R2016b is documented as
"Graphics Display: Render plots with large numbers of markers faster using less memory
Graphics that contain large numbers of markers have improved performance and use less memory."
It is not immediately clear whether that includes scatter() but it would seem probable that it should.
Chad Greene
Chad Greene on 20 Sep 2016
Oh, good to know! I haven't checked out R2016b yet.

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Hao Zhang
Hao Zhang on 18 Apr 2018
Edited: Stephen23 on 18 Apr 2018

Matrix indexing needs speeding up.

For a very simple example, if I run this:

clear;
clc;
close all;
N1=100;
N2=100;
A=(ones(N1,N2,'single'));
C=(ones(N1,N2,'single'));
tic;
for i=1:1e4
    %C(2:end,:)=C(2:end,:)-A(1:end-1,:);
    C=C-A;
end
toc;

I got Elapsed time is 0.056711 seconds.

Instead if I run the following:

clear;
clc;
close all;
N1=100;
N2=100;
A=(ones(N1,N2,'single'));
C=(ones(N1,N2,'single'));
tic;
for i=1:1e4
    C(2:end,:)=C(2:end,:)-A(1:end-1,:);
    %C=C-A;
end
toc;

I got: Elapsed time is 0.316735 seconds.

That is to say the most of the time Matlab is just doing the matrix indexing, Is there any way to improve this or avoid the indexing but get the same result? This could make my code almost 10 times faster!

  11 Comments
James Tursa
James Tursa on 19 Apr 2018

@Hao Zhang: SHAREDCHILD will not work with non-contiguous sub-arrays, and should generate an error if you try. E.g.,

>> A = reshape(1:12,3,4)
A =
     1     4     7    10
     2     5     8    11
     3     6     9    12
>> A(1:end-1,:)
ans =
     1     4     7    10
     2     5     8    11
>> sharedchild(A,[1 inf],[-1 inf])
??? Error using ==> sharedchild
Indexing must be contiguous

Do you have a case where SHAREDCHILD did not generate an error for a non-contiguous sub-array? If so, this is a bug that needs to be fixed.

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Bruno Luong
Bruno Luong on 18 Apr 2018

persistent statement

Not sure the reason (internal data hashing?) , but it is slow.

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