You cannot acquire data from a phone microphone using MATLAB Mobile.
In R2016b there were enhancements to the ability of transferring files to the cloud. I am not sure if arbitrary files can be transferred yet. The transfer was not under program control if I recall correctly (but there might be a little-documented call that could do it.)
Note: you might be able to generate a model for iOS or Android that used the microphone; that would not be the same as MATLAB Mobile.
