Mismatch between the frequency response of a transfer function and bode plot
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I generate a state space model as follows (The details are not important. This part is used to get matrix A_xi and B_xi and the state space model is xi(k+1) = A_xi\*xi(k)+B1_xi\*u0(k); y(k) = x(k)):
% vehicle dynimcs
h = 0.8; % time headway
N = 4; % number of vehicles 0 leading
tau = 0.2; % actuator lag
Ts = 0.1;% sampling interval
% control gain
kp = 0.45;
kv = 0.84;
ka = 0.5;
% vehicle dynamics
% x_i = [e_i;dv_i;a_i], ei=d_i-h*v_i, dvi = v_i-1-v_i
A1 = [0,1,-h;0 0 -1; 0 0 -1/tau]; % x_i to x_i
A2 = [0 0 0; 0 0 1;0 0 0]; % x_i-1 to x_i
B = [0; 0; 1/tau]; % u_i to x_i
% x0 = [q0;v0;a0]
A0 = [0 1 0;0 0 1; 0 0 -1/tau]; % x0 to x0
B0 = B; % u0 to x0
Ac = zeros(3*N,3*N);
Ac(1:3,1:3) = A0;
Ac(5,3) = 1;
for n = 1:N-1
Ac(3*n+1:3*n+3,3*n+1:3*n+3) = A1;
if n < N-1
Ac(3*n+4:3*n+6,3*n+1:3*n+3) = A2;
end
end
Bc = zeros(3*N,N);
Bc(1:3,1) = B0;
for n = 1:N-1
Bc(3*n+1:3*n+3,n+1) = B;
end
veh_dyn_c = ss(Ac,Bc,eye(3*N),zeros(3*N,N));
veh_dyn = c2d(veh_dyn_c,Ts);
% kalman filter
% x = [d,dv,da]
Ak = [0 1 0; 0 0 1; 0 0 -1/tau];
Ck = [0; 0; -1/tau]; % ui to x known input
Bk = [0; 0; 1/tau]; % ui-1 to x disturbance
H = [1 0 0; 0 1 0];
sysk_c = ss(Ak, [Ck, Bk], H, zeros(2,2));
sysk = c2d(sysk_c,Ts);
delta_d = 0.5; % resolution
delta_v = 0.6;%0.6;%
SNR_db = 20;
SNR = 10^(SNR_db/10);
sigma_d = delta_d*sqrt(3/(2*pi^2*SNR));% standard deviation
sigma_v = delta_v*sqrt(3/(2*pi^2*SNR));% standard deviation (don't forget to square)
var_jerk = 1;%0.15499;% process noise variance (jerk)
[KEST,~,~,L0,~,~] = kalman(sysk,var_jerk, diag([sigma_d^2,sigma_v^2])); % L: innovation gain
L = L0;
% whole dynamics
% xi = [x0;x_1;d_1;u_1^-;\hat_{x_1^-};...;x_N-1;d_N-1;u_N-1^-;\hat_{x_N-1^-}]
A_all = zeros(3+8*(N-1),3+8*(N-1)); % xi to xi^+
A_f_all = zeros(3+8*(N-1),3+8*(N-1)); % xi^+ to xi^+
B_all = zeros(3+8*(N-1),1); % u0 to to xi^+
C_all = zeros(3+8*(N-1),2*(N-1)); % epsilon = [epsilon_d1;epsilon_v1;...;epsilon_dN-1;epsilon_vN-1] to xi^+
% x0
A_all(1:3,1:3) = veh_dyn.A(1:3,1:3); % x0 to x0+
B_all(1:3) = veh_dyn.B(1:3,1); % u0 to x0+
% x_i
A_all(4:6,1:3) = veh_dyn.A(4:6,1:3); % x_0 to x_1^+
B_all(4:6) = veh_dyn.B(4:6,1); % u0 to x_1^+
for id1 = 1:N-1
for id2 = 1:N-1
A_all(8*id1-4:8*id1-2,8*id2-4:8*id2-2) = veh_dyn.A(3*id1+1:3*id1+3,3*id2+1:3*id2+3); % x_id2 to x_id1^+
A_f_all(8*id1-4:8*id1-2,8*id2) = veh_dyn.B(3*id1+1:3*id1+3,id2+1); % u_id2 to x_id1^+
end
end
% u_i
for id = 1:N-1
A_all(8*id,8*id-4) = kp; % e_i to u_i
A_all(8*id,8*id-3) = kv; % dv_i to u_i
A_all(8*id,8*id-2) = ka; % a_i to u_i
A_f_all(8*id,8*id+3) = ka; % \hat_da_i to u_i
C_all(8*id,2*id-1) = kp; % epsilon_d_i to u_i
C_all(8*id,2*id) = kv; % epsilon_v_i to u_i
end
% d_i
for id = 1:N-1
A_f_all(8*id-1,8*id-4) = 1; % e_i to d_i
A_f_all(8*id-1,2) = h; % v0 to d_i
for id2 = 1:id
A_f_all(8*id-1,8*id2-3) = -h;
end
end
% \hat{x}_i
for id = 1:N-1
A_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 8*id-1) = L(:,1); % d_i to \hat{x}_i
A_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 8*id-3) = L(:,2); % dv_i to \hat{x}_i
C_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 2*id-1) = L(:,1); % epsilon_d_i to \hat{x}_i
C_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 2*id) = L(:,2); % epsilon_v_i to \hat{x}_i
A_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 8*id+1:8*id+3) = (eye(3)-L*H)*sysk.A; % \hat{x}_i^- to \hat{x}_i
A_all(8*id+1:8*id+3, 8*id) = (eye(3)-L*H)*sysk.B(:,1); % u_i^- to \hat{x}_i
end
% feedback
A_xi = (eye(length(A_f_all))-A_f_all)\A_all;
B1_xi = (eye(length(A_f_all))-A_f_all)\B_all; % u0
B2_xi = (eye(length(A_f_all))-A_f_all)\C_all; % epsilon
Then I want to obtain the tranfer function between the 13th and 5th output as follows:
[NUM_u,DEN_u] = ss2tf(A_xi,B1_xi,eye(length(A_xi)),zeros(length(A_xi),size(B1_xi,2)),1);
Gamma_v21 = tf(NUM_u(13,:),NUM_u(5,:),Ts); % v2/v1
figure
bode(Gamma_v21)
The result is as follows:
However, when I use a sinunoid signal as u0 and plot these two outputs, the result does not match the Bode plot. For example, when the frequency of u0 is 0.1 rad/s, the magnitude of Bode diagram is -37.4dB. The simulated result is generated with the following code:
L_t = 5000;
t = (1:L_t)*Ts;
u0 = sin(0.1*t);
xi = zeros(3+8*(N-1),L_t);
xi(1:3,1)=[0;20;0];
for id = 1:N-1
xi(8*id-1,1) = h*xi(2,1);% d_i
%[id size(xi)]
xi(8*id+1,1) = xi(8*id-1,1); % hat d_i
%[id size(xi)]
end
for l_t = 2:L_t
xi(:,l_t) = A_xi*xi(:,l_t-1)+B1_xi*u0(l_t-1);
end
figure
hold on
plot(t,xi(5,:))
plot(t,xi(13,:))
legend('5-th output','13-th output')
The result is as below. The ratio of the amplitudes is clearly not -37.4dB. I also tried the frequency 1.11 rad/s (corresponding to the peak of bode amplitude), there is also a mismatch. I wonder what causes this mismatch?
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Accepted Answer
Paul
on 13 Oct 2021
Couldn't run the code becase sigma_d (and possibly other variables) were not defined.
Can you clarify what this code snippet is trying to do:
%Then I want to obtain the tranfer function between the 13th and 5th output as follows:
[NUM_u,DEN_u] = ss2tf(A_xi,B1_xi,eye(length(A_xi)),zeros(length(A_xi),size(B1_xi,2)),1);
First of all, what is meant by: "the transfer function between the 13th and 5th output"? Was this supposed to mean "between the 13th input and the 5th output"? But that can't be the case, because (I think) B1_xi has only one column. So what are you actually trying to compute?
Presumably the outputs of the system are the state variables themselves?
The call to ss2tf doesn't seem correct. It has 6 inputs, when ss2tf takes at most 5 inputs.
4 Comments
Paul
on 14 Oct 2021
Yes, I was a bit loose there. The comparison needs to be done with the steady state output of the system after the transient response has (sufficiently) decayed.
Also, if you look carefully at the plot, you'll see that the low frequency gain is not quite the same between R1 and R2. That might be because the tol input into minreal is allowing some pole/zero cancellations that really shouldn't be. That's the type of thing I was referring to in my statement about "carefully considered."
One thing I did learn here is that the zpk() computation already does some type of reduction. After all, sys.a has 27 states, but nether h13 nor h5 have 27th order denominators, and, IIRC, they both have different order denominators. Maybe the zpk() calls are doing an sminreal() as part of that process?
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