Closed loop of buck converter with PI controller

A closed-loop Buck converter with a PI (Proportional-Integral) controller maintains a stable and accurate output voltage

losed-Loop Buck Converter: Overview

Goal: Regulate the output voltage VoutV_{out}Vout​ to match a reference voltage VrefV_{ref}Vref​ by adjusting the PWM duty cycle using a PI controller.

Block Diagram Components:

1. Reference Voltage VrefV_{ref}Vref​ – Desired output voltage
2. Output Voltage Feedback VoutV_{out}Vout​ – Measured and fed back
3. Error Signal e(t)=Vref−Voute(t) = V_{ref} - V_{out}e(t)=Vref​−Vout​
4. PI Controller – Processes error and outputs a control signal
5. PWM Generator – Converts control signal to a duty cycle
6. Buck Converter Power Stage – Uses this duty cycle to regulate output