Diffusion Resistor

Resistor model with velocity saturation and optional tolerance, operational limits, fault behavior, and noise

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Libraries:
Simscape / Electrical / Passive

Description

The Diffusion Resistor block represents a resistor with velocity saturation, while letting you model the following effects:

• Tolerances

• Operating Limits

• Faults

• Thermal Noise

• Model Thermal Effects

You can turn these modeling options on and off independently of each other.

In its simplest form, the resistance of the Diffusion Resistor block is:

$$R=R_0\left(1-p_2-p_3+p_2\sqrt{1+{\left({\theta }_2{v}_{pn}\right)}^2}+p_3\sqrt[3]{1+{\left|{\theta }_3{v}_{pn}\right|}^3}\right)$$

where:

• R₀ is zero-bias resistance.

• p₂ and p₃ are the quadratic and linear voltage coefficients, respectively.

• θ₂ and θ₃ are inverse voltages for quadratic and linear voltage activation, respectively.

• v_pn is applied voltage across the resistor.

At low bias,

$$R\approx R_0\left(1+\frac{p_2{\theta }_2^2{v}_{pn}^2}{2}\right)$$

and therefore p₂ and θ₂ determine the low-bias quadratic behavior of the resistor.

At high bias,

$$R\approx R_0\left(1-p_2-p_3+\left|v_{pn}\right|\left(p_2{\theta }_2+p_3{\theta }_3\right)\right)$$

and therefore p₃ and θ₃ impact only the high-bias linear behavior of the resistor.

You can use the voltage-dependence of the resistance to model velocity saturation in a diffused resistor. For sufficiently high voltage,

$$i_{sat}=\frac{1}{R_0\left(p_2{\theta }_2+p_3{\theta }_3\right)}$$

where i_sat is saturation current.

Simplified Parameterization

The simplified parameterization model assumes that the quadratic and linear coefficients are the same. This is one of the recommended assumptions for the r2_cmc model provided by the Compact Model Coalition, as a reasonable initial guess when performing parameter extraction. With this assumption, it is possible to define two new parameters, Critical voltage and Corner voltage, which provide a simpler means for parameterizing models:

$$\begin{array}{l}{p}_2=p_3=\frac{v_{co}}{2v_{crit}}\\ {\theta }_2={\theta }_3=\frac{1}{2v_{co}}\end{array}$$

where:

• v_crit is critical voltage.

• v_co is corner voltage.

At high voltage,

$$\frac{dR}{d{v}_{pn}}\approx \frac{R_0}{v_{crit}}$$

and therefore, critical voltage is the reciprocal of the slope of the increase of R/R₀ with voltage.

With this parameterization, the saturation current is

$$i_{sat}=\frac{v_{crit}}{R_0}$$

Tolerances

You can apply tolerances to the nominal value you provide for the Resistance parameter. Datasheets typically provide a tolerance percentage for a given resistor type. The table shows how the block applies tolerances and calculates resistance based on the selected Tolerance application option.

Option	Resistance Value
None — use nominal value	R0
Random tolerance	Uniform distribution: R0 · (1 – tol + 2· tol· rand) Gaussian distribution: R0 · (1 + tol · randn / nSigma)
Apply maximum tolerance value	R0 · (1 + tol )
Apply minimum tolerance value	R0 · (1 – tol )

In the table,

• R₀ is the Resistance parameter value, nominal zero-bias resistance.

• tol is fractional tolerance, Tolerance (%) /100.

• nSigma is the value you provide for the Number of standard deviations for quoted tolerance parameter.

• rand and randn are standard MATLAB^® functions for generating uniform and normal distribution random numbers.

Note

If you choose the Random tolerance option and you are in "Fast Restart" mode, the random tolerance value is updated on every simulation if at least one between the fractional tolerance, tol, or the Number of standard deviations for quoted tolerance, nSigma, is set to Run-time and is defined with a variable (even if you do not modify that variable).

Operating Limits

You can specify operating limits in terms of power and maximum working voltage. If you set the Modeling option parameter to Show thermal port (see Model Thermal Effects), you can also specify operating limits in terms of temperature.

When an operating limit is exceeded, the block can either generate a warning or stop the simulation with an error. For more information, see the Operating Limits parameters section.

Faults

To model a fault in the Diffusion Resistor block, in the Faults section, click the Add fault hyperlink next to the fault that you want to model. In the Add Fault window, specify the fault properties. For more information about fault modeling, see Fault Behavior Modeling and Fault Triggering.

The Diffusion Resistor block allows you to model an electrical fault as an instantaneous change in resistance. The block can trigger fault events:

• At a specific time.

• When the current exceeds the maximum permissible value for longer than a specific time interval.

If you want to trigger a fault at a specific time, in the Fault Inspector window, set Trigger type to Timed. If you want to determine whether a system fails and, if so, when it fails, in the Fault Inspector window, set Trigger type to Behavioral.

When the resistor fails, its resistance is changed to the value you specify for the Faulted zero-voltage resistance parameter.

Thermal Noise

The Diffusion Resistor block can generate thermal noise current. If you set the Noise mode parameter to Enabled, then the block includes a noise current source connected in parallel to the diffusion resistor.

If the sampling time is h, then the thermal noise is given by:

$$i_N=\sqrt{2kT/R}\frac{N\left(0,1\right)}{\sqrt{h}}$$

where:

• k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.3806504e-23 J/K.

• T is temperature.

• R is resistance.

• N is a Gaussian random number with zero mean and standard deviation of one.

• 2kT/R is the double-sided thermal noise power distribution (the single-sided equivalent is 4kT/R).

The block generates Gaussian noise by using the PS Random Number source in the Simscape™ Foundation library. You can control the random number seed by setting the Repeatability parameter:

• Not repeatable — Every time you simulate your model, the block resets the random seed using the MATLAB random number generator:

  seed = randi(2^32-1);

• Repeatable — The block automatically generates a seed value and stores it inside the block, to always start the simulation with the same random number. This auto-generated seed value is set when you add a Diffusion Resistor block from the block library to the model. When you make a new copy of the Diffusion Resistor block from an existing one in a model, a new seed value is generated. The block sets the value using the MATLAB random number generator command shown above.

• Specify seed — If you select this option, the additional Seed parameter lets you directly specify the random number seed value.

Model Thermal Effects

You can expose thermal ports to specify how the resistance value changes with temperature and to set the thermal mass. To expose the thermal ports, set the Modeling option parameter to either:

• No thermal port — The block does not contain thermal ports.

• Show thermal port — The block contains one thermal conserving port.

Use the Variables settings to set the initial temperature target.

If you set the Modeling option parameter to Show thermal port, the defining equation for the resistance is augmented with additional temperature scaling:

$$R=R_0\left(1+T_{C1}^{eff}\Delta T+T_{C2}^{eff}{\left(\Delta T\right)}^2\right)\left(1-p_2-p_3+p_2\sqrt{1+{\left({\theta }_2{v}_{pn}\right)}^2}+p_3\sqrt[3]{1+{\left|{\theta }_3{v}_{pn}\right|}^3}\right)$$

where $$T_{C1}^{eff}$$ and $$T_{C2}^{eff}$$ are the linear and quadratic temperature scaling coefficients, respectively.

$$\Delta T=T_{sim}-T_{meas}$$

where:

• T_sim is simulation temperature.

• T_meas is measurement temperature.

With the thermal port exposed, the generated noise uses the temperature at the thermal port when determining the instantaneous noise value. Exposing the thermal port also extends the options on the Operating Limits tab as follows:

• The Power rating parameter becomes temperature dependent. You define a temperature up to which the full power rating is available, plus a higher temperature for which the power rating is reduced to zero. It is assumed that the power rating decreases linearly with temperature between these two values.

• An additional parameter, Operating temperature range, [Tmin Tmax], lets you define the valid temperature range for block operation.

Variables

To set the priority and initial target values for the block variables before simulation, use the Initial Targets section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see Set Priority and Initial Target for Block Variables.

Use nominal values to specify the expected magnitude of a variable in a model. Using system scaling based on nominal values increases the simulation robustness. Nominal values can come from different sources. One of these sources is the Nominal Values section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see System Scaling by Nominal Values.

This section appears only for the blocks with exposed thermal port. The Temperature variable lets you specify a high-priority target for the temperature at the start of simulation.

Basic Assumptions and Limitations

Simulating with noise enabled slows down simulation. Choose the sample time (h) so that noise is generated only at frequencies of interest, and not higher.

Ports

Conserving

+ — Positive terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the resistor positive terminal.

- — Negative terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the resistor negative terminal.

H — Resistor thermal mass

thermal

Thermal conserving port that represents the resistor thermal mass.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Parameters

Modeling option — Whether to enable thermal port

No thermal port (default) | Show thermal port

Whether to enable the thermal port of the block and specify how the resistance value changes with temperature and to set the thermal mass.

Main

Resistance — Nominal zero-bias resistance

1 Ohm (default)

Zero-bias resistance, used as the nominal resistance value. Resistance value must be greater than zero. If you set Modeling option to Show thermal port, this is the zero-bias resistance at a temperature equal to the Measurement temperature parameter in the Thermal section.

Tolerance (%) — Resistor tolerance, in percent

5 (default)

Resistor tolerance as defined on the manufacturer datasheet.

Tolerance application — Select how to apply tolerance during simulation

None — use nominal value (default) | Random tolerance | Apply maximum tolerance value | Apply minimum tolerance value

Select how to apply tolerance during simulation:

• None — use nominal value — The block does not apply tolerance, uses the nominal resistance value.

• Random tolerance — The block applies random offset to the resistance value, within the tolerance value limit. You can choose Uniform or Gaussian distribution for calculating the random number by using the Tolerance distribution parameter.

• Apply maximum tolerance value — The resistance is increased by the specified tolerance percent value.

• Apply minimum tolerance value — The resistance is decreased by the specified tolerance percent value.

Tolerance distribution — Select the distribution type

Uniform (default) | Gaussian

Select the distribution type for random tolerance:

• Uniform — Uniform distribution

• Gaussian — Gaussian distribution

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Tolerance application to Random tolerance.

Number of standard deviations for quoted tolerance — Used for calculating the Gaussian random number

4 (default)

Number of standard deviations for calculating the Gaussian random number.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Tolerance distribution to Gaussian.

Parameterization — Select parameterization method

Simplified (default) | Advanced

Select how to apply tolerance during simulation:

• Simplified — Assume that the quadratic and linear coefficients are the same, and define block behavior using the Critical voltage and Corner voltage parameters.

• Advanced — Explicitly specify values for the quadratic and linear voltage coefficients and for the inverse voltages for quadratic and linear voltage activation.

Critical voltage — Critical voltage for saturation

4 V (default)

Critical voltage for the saturation mechanism. You can determine this parameter value by taking the reciprocal of the slope of the increase of R/R₀ with voltage.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Simplified.

Corner voltage — Voltage at which the resistance increase starts to occur

2 V (default)

Corner voltage, at which the resistance increase starts to occur. The Corner voltage must be less than the Critical voltage.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Simplified.

Quadratic voltage coefficient — Coefficient p₂

0.25 (default)

Coefficient p₂ from the defining equation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Advanced.

Inverse voltage for quadratic voltage activation — Coefficient θ₂

0.25 1/V (default)

Coefficient θ₂ from the defining equation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Advanced.

Linear voltage coefficient — Coefficient p₃

0.25 (default)

Coefficient p₃ from the defining equation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Advanced.

Inverse voltage for linear voltage activation — Coefficient θ₃

0.25 1/V (default)

Coefficient θ₃ from the defining equation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Parameterization to Advanced.

Operating Limits

Enable operating limits — Select Yes to enable reporting when the operational limits are exceeded

No (default) | Yes

Select Yes to enable reporting when the operational limits are exceeded. The associated parameters in the Operating Limits section become visible to let you select the reporting method and specify the operating limits in terms of power and maximum working voltage. Parameters that specify operating limits in terms of temperature are visible only for blocks with exposed thermal port (see Model Thermal Effects). The default value is No.

Reporting when operating limits exceeded — Select the reporting method

Warn (default) | Error

Select what happens when an operating limit is exceeded:

• Warn — The block issues a warning.

• Error — Simulation stops with an error.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Enable operating limits to Yes.

Maximum working voltage — Maximum voltage allowed for normal block operation

100 V (default)

Maximum voltage magnitude allowed for normal block operation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Enable operating limits to Yes.

Power rating — Maximum power allowed for normal block operation

1 W (default)

Maximum power allowed for normal block operation.

If you expose the thermal port of the block, this parameter becomes temperature dependent. The value you specify for the Power rating parameter applies up to the temperature specified by the Temperature below which full power rating is available parameter value. Then the power rating decreases linearly with temperature, until it becomes 0 at temperature specified by the Temperature above which power rating is reduced to zero parameter value.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Enable operating limits to Yes.

Temperature below which full power rating is available — Maximum temperature where full power rating still applies

70 degC (default)

Maximum temperature where full power rating, specified by the Power rating parameter value, still applies.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Temperature above which power rating is reduced to zero — Temperature where power rating becomes 0

155 degC (default)

Temperature where power rating becomes 0. Above this temperature, the simulation always issues an assertion regardless of dissipated power. This parameter value must be higher than Temperature below which full power rating is available.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Operating temperature range, [Tmin Tmax] — Minimum and maximum temperature values allowed for normal block operation

[-50 150] degC (default)

A row vector of length 2 specifying minimum and maximum temperature values allowed for normal block operation. The first element is the lowest allowable operating temperature, and the second element is the largest allowable operating temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Faults

Resistance fault — Option to add resistance fault

Add fault (default)

Option to add a resistance fault in the Diffusion Resistor block.

To add a fault, click the Add fault hyperlink.

Faulted zero-voltage resistance — Resistance when block is in faulted state

inf Ohm (default) | positive scalar

Zero-voltage resistance between the + and – ports when the block is in the faulted state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, add a fault to the Diffusion Resistor block by clicking the Add fault hyperlink in the Resistance fault parameter.

After you create the fault, you can change the properties in the Fault Inspector window. When you open a block that has a fault, the Open Fault Inspector hyperlink appears instead of the Add fault hyperlink. For an example that shows how to include faults, see Analyze a DC Armature Winding Fault.

Trigger fault at time — Time before entering faulted state

0 s (default) | nonnegative scalar

Simulation time at which the block enters the faulted state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, in the Fault Inspector window, set Trigger Type to Timed.

This parameter appears in the Trigger section of the Fault Inspector window. For more information, see Set Fault Triggers.

Maximum permissible current — Current threshold to fault transition

1 A (default) | positive scalar

Current threshold to a fault transition. If the current exceeds this value for longer than the Time to fail when exceeding maximum permissible current parameter value, then the block enters the faulted state.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, in the Fault Inspector window, set Trigger Type to Behavioral.

This parameter appears in the Trigger section of the Fault Inspector window. For more information, see Set Fault Triggers.

Time to fail when exceeding maximum permissible current — Maximum length of time the current exceeds the threshold

1 s (default) | nonnegative scalar

Maximum length of time that the current can exceed the maximum permissible value without triggering the fault.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, in the Fault Inspector window, set Trigger Type to Behavioral.

This parameter appears in the Trigger section of the Fault Inspector window. For more information, see Set Fault Triggers.

Noise

Noise mode — Select whether to model thermal noise current

Disabled (default) | Enabled

Select whether to model thermal noise current:

• Disabled — No noise is produced by the resistor.

• Enabled — Resistor generates thermal noise current, and the associated parameters become visible in the Noise section.

Sample time — Rate at which the noise source is sampled

1e-3 s (default)

Defines the rate at which the noise source is sampled. Choose it to reflect the frequencies of interest in your model. Making the sample time too small will unnecessarily slow down your simulation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Noise mode to Enabled.

Repeatability — Select the noise control option

Not repeatable (default) | Repeatable | Specify seed

Select the noise control option:

• Not repeatable — The random sequence used for noise generation is not repeatable.

• Repeatable — The random sequence used for noise generation is repeatable, with a system-generated seed.

• Specify seed — The random sequence used for noise generation is repeatable, and you control the seed by using the Seed parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Noise mode to Enabled.

Auto-generated seed used for repeatable option — Auto-generated random number seed

random real number

Random number seed stored inside the block to make the random sequence repeatable. The parameter value is automatically generated using the MATLAB random number generator command. You can modify this parameter value, but it gets overwritten by a new random value if you copy the block to another block in the model. Therefore, if you want to control the seed of the random sequence, use the Specify seed option for the Repeatability parameter and specify the desired seed value using the Seed parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Repeatability to Repeatable.

Seed — Random number seed

0 (default)

Seed used by the noise random number generator.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Repeatability to Specify seed.

Device simulation temperature — Temperature of resistor at the start of the simulation

25 degC (default)

The temperature of the resistor at the start of the simulation.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Noise mode to Enabled.

For blocks with an exposed thermal port, this parameter is disabled. Instead, use the Variables tab to set the initial temperature target. For more information, see Variables.

Thermal

To enable these parameters, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Resistance linear temperature coefficient — Specifies how the resistance value changes with temperature

0 1/K (default)

The coefficient $$T_{C1}^{eff}$$ in the equation that describes resistance as a function of temperature. See Model Thermal Effects for details.

Resistance quadratic temperature coefficient — Specifies how the resistance value changes with temperature

0 1/K^2 (default)

The coefficient $$T_{C2}^{eff}$$ in the equation that describes resistance as a function of temperature. See Model Thermal Effects for details.

Measurement temperature — Temperature corresponding to nominal resistance

25 degC (default)

The temperature T₀, for which the nominal resistance R is specified.

Thermal mass — Thermal mass associated with port H

100 J/K (default)

Thermal mass associated with the thermal port H. It represents the energy required to raise the temperature of the thermal port by one degree.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2017b

R2023a: Implement temporal or behavioral triggers for faults using a single parameter

The Enable temporal trigger and Enable behavioral trigger parameters have been removed and are replaced with the Fault trigger parameter. You can set the Fault trigger parameter to Temporal or Behavioral. You can enable only one trigger.

If you created a model in an earlier release and enabled both temporal and behavioral triggers, now only the temporal trigger is enabled. Therefore, the simulation results are different if the behavioral trigger causes the fault in your model.

If you want to trigger a fault at a specific time, set the Fault trigger parameter to Temporal. If you want to determine whether a system fails and, if so, when it fails, set the Fault Trigger parameter to Behavioral.