Fuel Cell Stack

Implement generic hydrogen fuel cell stack model

• 

Libraries:
Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Sources

Description

The Fuel Cell Stack block implements a generic model parameterized to represent most popular types of fuel cell stacks fed with hydrogen and air.

The block represents two versions of the stack model: a simplified model and a detailed model. You can switch between the two models by selecting the level in the mask under Model detail level in the block dialog box.

Simplified Model

This model is based on the equivalent circuit of a fuel cell stack shown below:

The simplified model represents a particular fuel cell stack operating at nominal conditions of temperature and pressure. The parameters of the equivalent circuit can be modified based on the polarization curve obtained from the manufacturer datasheet. You just have to input in the mask the value of the voltage at 0 and 1 A, the nominal and the maximum operating points, for the parameters to be calculated. A typical polarization curve consists of three regions:

The first region represents the activation voltage drop due to the slowness of the chemical reactions taking place at electrode surfaces. Depending on the temperature and operating pressure, type of electrode, and catalyst used, this region is more or less wide. The second region represents the resistive losses due to the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack. Finally, the third region represents the mass transport losses resulting from the change in concentration of reactants as the fuel is used.

Detailed Model

The detailed model represents a particular fuel cell stack when the parameters such as pressures, temperature, compositions and flow rates of fuel and air vary. You can select which parameters to vary on the Signal variation pane on the block dialog box. These variations affect the open circuit voltage (E_oc), the exchange current (i₀), and the Tafel slope (A). E_oc, i₀ and A are modified as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}{E}_{oc}=K_c{E}_n\\ i_0=\frac{zFk\left(P_{H_2}+P_{O_2}\right)\Delta v}{Rh}{e}^{\frac{-\Delta G}{RT}}\\ A=\frac{RT}{z\alpha F},\end{array}$$

where:

R = 8.3145 J/(mol K)

F = 96485 A s/mol

z = Number of moving electrons

E_n = Nernst voltage, which is the thermodynamics voltage of the cells and depends on the temperatures and partial pressures of reactants and products inside the stack (V)

α = Charge transfer coefficient, which depends on the type of electrodes and catalysts used

P_H2 = Partial pressure of hydrogen inside the stack (Pa)

P_O2 = Partial pressure of oxygen inside the stack (Pa)

k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 × 10^–23 J/K

h = Planck's constant = 6.626 × 10^–34 J s

Δv = Activation barrier volume factor (m³). The size of activation barrier (ΔG) is computed assuming Δv = 1 m³.

ΔG = Size of the activation barrier which depends on the type of electrode and catalyst used (J/mol)

T = Temperature of operation (K)

K_c = Voltage constant at nominal condition of operation

The equivalent circuit is the same as for the simplified model, except that the parameters E_oc, i₀ and Α have to be updated on-line as shown below:

The rates of conversion (utilizations) of hydrogen (U_fH2) and oxygen (U_fO2) are determined in Block A as follows:

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{U}_{f{H}_2}=\frac{n_{H_2}^r}{n_{H_2}^{\text{in}}}=\frac{60000RTN{i}_{fc}}{zF{P}_{\text{fuel}}{V}_{lpm(\text{fuel})}x\%}\\ U_{f{O}_2}=\frac{n_{O_2}^r}{n_{O_2}^{\text{in}}}=\frac{60000RTN{i}_{fc}}{2zF{P}_{\text{air}}{V}_{lpm(\text{air})}y\%}\end{array}$$

where

P_fuel = Absolute supply pressure of fuel (atm)

P_air = Absolute supply pressure of air (atm)

V_lpm(fuel) = Fuel flow rate (l/min)

V_lpm(air) = Air flow rate (l/min)

x = Percentage of hydrogen in the fuel (%)

y = Percentage of oxygen in the oxidant (%)

N = Number of cells

The 60000 constant comes from the conversion from the liter/min flow rate used in the model to m3/s (1 liter/min = 1/60000 m3/s).

The partial pressures and the Nernst voltage are determined in Block B as follows:

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{P}_{H_2}=\left(1-U_{f_{H_2}}\right)x\%P_{\text{fuel}}\\ P_{H_{2}O}=\left(w+2y\%U_{f_{O_2}}\right)P_{\text{air}}\\ P_{O_2}=\left(1-U_{f_{O_2}}\right)y\%P_{\text{air}}\end{array}$$

and

$$E_n=\{\begin{array}{cc}1.229+(T-298)\frac{-44.43}{zF}+\frac{RT}{zF}\ln \left(P_{H_2}{P}_{O_2}^{1/2}\right)& \text{when }T\le {100}^{\circ }C\\ 1.229+(T-298)\frac{-44.43}{zF}+\frac{RT}{zF}\ln \left(\frac{P_{H_2}{P}_{O_2}^{1/2}}{P_{H_{2}O}}\right)& \text{when }T>{100}^{\circ }C\end{array}$$

where

P_H2O = Partial pressure of water vapor inside the stack (atm)

w = Percentage of water vapor in the oxidant (%)

From the partial pressures of gases and the Nernst voltage, the new values of the open circuit voltage (E_oc) and the exchange current (i₀) can be calculated.

Block C calculates the new value of the Tafel slope (A).

The parameters α, ΔG, and K_c are calculated based on the polarization curve at nominal conditions of operation along with some additional parameters, such as the low heating value (LHV) efficiency of the stack, composition of fuel and air, supply pressures and temperatures. They can be easily obtained from the manufacturer datasheet.

The nominal rates of conversion of gases are calculated as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}{U}_{f_{H_2}}=\frac{{\eta }_{\text{nom}}\Delta h^0\left(H_{2}O(\text{gas})\right)N}{zF{V}_{\text{nom}}}\\ U_{f_{O_2}}=\frac{60000R{T}_{\text{nom}}N{I}_{\text{nom}}}{2zF{P}_{{\text{air}}_{\text{nom}}}{V}_{lpm{(\text{air})}_{\text{nom}}}\cdot 0.21}\end{array}$$

where:

η_nom = Nominal LHV efficiency of the stack (%).

Δh⁰(H₂O(gas)) = 241.83 × 10³ J/mol.

V_nom = Nominal voltage (V).

I_nom = Nominal current (A).

V_lpm(air)nom = Nominal air flow rate (l/min).

P_airnom = Nominal absolute air supply pressure (Pa).

T_nom = Nominal operating temperature (K).

From these rates of conversion, the nominal partial pressures of gases and the Nernst voltage can be derived. With E_oc, i₀ and Α known and assuming that the stack operates at constant rates of conversion or utilizations at nominal condition, α, ΔG, and K_c can be determined.

The dynamics of the fuel cell are represented if you specify the response time and the parameters for flow dynamics (peak utilization and corresponding voltage undershoot) on the Fuel Cell Dynamics pane on the dialog box.

The response time (T_d) @ 95% is used to model the "charge double layer" phenomenon due to the build-up of charges at electrode/electrolyte interface. This affects only the activation voltage (NAln(i_fc/i₀)) as shown on the equivalent circuits.

The peak utilization (Uf_O2(peak)) and the corresponding voltage undershoot (V_u) are used to model the effect of oxygen depletion (due to the air compressor delay) on the cell output voltage. The Nernst voltage is modified due to this effect as follows:

$$E_n=\{\begin{array}{ll}{E}_n-K\left(U_{f_{O_2}}-U_{f_{O_2}(\text{nom})}\right)\hfill & U_{f_{O_2}}>U_{f_{O_2}(\text{nom})}\hfill \\ E_n\hfill & U_{f_{O_2}}\le U_{f_{O_2}(\text{nom})}\hfill \end{array}$$

where

K = voltage undershoot constant

U_fO2(nom) = nominal oxygen utilization

K is determined as follows:

$$K=\frac{V_u}{K_c\left(U_{f_{O_2}(\text{peak})}-U_{f_{O_2}(\text{nom})}\right)}.$$

Current step and interrupt tests must be made on a real stack to represent with accuracy its dynamics. The figure below shows the stack response from these tests and the required parameters (T_d, Uf_O2(peak) and V_u).

The response time (T_d) depends on the fuel cell stack itself and is usually given on the datasheet. The parameters for flow dynamics (Uf_O2(peak) and V_u) depend on the dynamics of external equipment (compressor, regulator, and loads) and they are not provided by manufacturers as their values vary with the user application. For simulation, assume values of Uf_O2(peak) between 60% to 70% and V_u between 2-5% of the stack nominal voltage.

Assumptions and Limitations

These are the assumptions of this block:

• The gases are ideal.

• The stack is fed with hydrogen and air.

• The stack is equipped with a cooling system which maintains the temperature at the cathode and anode exits stable and equal to the stack temperature.

• The stack is equipped with a water management system to maintain the humidity inside the cell at appropriate level at any load.

• The cell voltage drops are due to reaction kinetics and charge transport as most fuel cells do not operate in the mass transport region.

• Pressure drops across flow channels are negligible.

• The cell resistance is constant at any condition of operation.

These are the limitations of this block:

• Chemical reaction dynamics caused by partial pressure changes of chemical species inside the cell are not considered.

• The stack output power is limited by the fuel and air flow rates supplied.

• The effect of temperature and humidity of the membrane on the internal resistance is not considered.

• The flow of gases or water through the membrane is not considered.

Ports

Output

m — Measurement vector

Simulink^® signal

The Simulink output of the block is a vector containing 11 signals. You can demultiplex these signals by using the Bus Selector block provided in the Simulink library.

				Model detail level (Signal availability)
Signal	Definition	Units	Symbol	Detailed	Simplified
1	Voltage	V	Vfc	Yes	Yes
2	Current	I	Ifc	Yes	Yes
3	Stack Efficiency	%	η	Yes	No(Set to 0)
4	Stack consumption [Air, Fuel]	slpm	Vslpm	Yes	No(Set to 0)
5	Flow Rate [Air, Fuel]	lpm	Frlpm	Yes	No(Set to 0)
6	Stack consumption [Air, Fuel]	lpm	Vlpm	Yes	No(Set to 0)
7	Utilization [Oxygen, Hydrogen]	%	Uf	Yes	No(Set to 0)
8	Slope of Tafel curve		A	Yes	No(Set to 0)
9	Exchange current	A	i0	Yes	No(Set to 0)
10	Nernst voltage	V	En	Yes	No(Set to 0)
11	Open circuit voltage	V	Eoc	Yes	No(Set to 0)

Conserving

+ — Positive terminal

specialized electrical

Specialized electrical conserving port associated with the positive terminal.

- — Negative terminal

specialized electrical

Specialized electrical conserving port associated with the negative terminal.

Parameters

Parameters

Preset model — Set of predetermined polarization curves

No (User-Defined) (default) | PEMFC - 1.26 kW - 24 Vdc | PEMFC - 6 kW - 45 Vdc | PEMFC - 50 kW - 625 Vdc | AFC - 2.4 kW - 48 Vdc | SOFC - 3 kW - 100 Vdc | SOFC - 25 kW - 630 Vdc

Provides a set of predetermined polarization curves and parameters for particular fuel cell stacks found on the market:

• No (User-Defined) (default)

• PEMFC - 1.26 kW - 24 Vdc

• PEMFC - 6 kW - 45 Vdc

• PEMFC - 50 kW - 625 Vdc

• AFC - 2.4 kW - 48 Vdc

• SOFC - 3 kW - 100 Vdc

• SOFC - 25 kW - 630 Vdc

Select one of these preset models to load the corresponding parameters in the entries of the dialog box. Select No (User-Defined) if you do not want to use a preset model.

Model detail Level — Detail level

Simplified (default) | Detailed

Provide access to the two versions of the model:

• Simplified

• Detailed (default)

When a simplified model is used, there is no variable under the signal variation tab.

Voltage at 0A and 1A [V_0(V), V_1(V)] — Voltage at 0A and 1A

[65,63] (default)

Voltage at 0 A and 1 A of the stack (Volts). Assuming nominal and constant gases utilizations. Default is [65 63].

Nominal operating point [Inom(A), Vnom(V)] — Nominal operating point

[133.3,45] (default)

Rated current (Ampere) and rated voltage (Volts) of the stack. Assuming nominal and constant gases utilizations. Default is [133.3 45].

Maximum operating point [Iend(A), Vend(V)] — Maximum operating point

[225,37] (default)

Current (Ampere) and voltage (Volts) of the stack at maximum power. Assuming nominal and constant gases utilizations. Default is [225 37].

Number of cells — Number of cells

65 (default)

Number of cells in series in the stack. This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is 65.

Nominal stack efficiency (%) — Nominal stack efficiency

55 (default)

Rated efficiency of the stack relative to the low heating value (LHV) of water. This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is 55.

Operating temperature (Celsius) — Operating temperature

65 (default)

Nominal temperature of operation in degrees Celsius. This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is 65.

Nominal Air flow rate (lpm) — Nominal Air flow rate

300 (default)

Rated air flow rate (l/min). This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is 300.

Nominal supply pressure [Fuel (atm), Air (atm)] — Nominal supply pressure

[1.5,1] (default)

Rated supply pressure (absolute) of fuel and air in atm. This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is [1.5 1].

Nominal composition (%) [H2 O2 H2O(Air)] — Nominal composition

[99.95,21,1] (default)

Rated percentage of hydrogen (x) in the fuel, oxygen (y) and water (w) in the oxidant. This parameter is available only for a detailed model. Default is [99.95 21 1].

Peak O2 utilization (%) — Peak O2 utilization

80 (default)

Enter the peak oxygen utilization at nominal condition of operation. Default is 80. This parameter is available only when the Specify Fuel Cell Dynamics? check box is selected and the Air flow rate check box is selected in the Signal Variation tab.

Voltage undershoot (V) @ peak O2 utilization — Voltage undershoot

10 (default)

Enter the voltage undershoot (Volts) at peak oxygen utilization at nominal condition of operation. Default is 10. This parameter is available only when the Specify Fuel Cell Dynamics? check box is selected and the Air flow rate check box is selected in the Signal Variation tab.

Plot V-I characteristic — Plot V-I characteristic

Plots a figure containing two graphs. The first graph represents the stack voltage (Volts) vs current (A) and the second graph represents the stack power (kW) vs current (A). This button is available only for a detailed model.

View cell parameters — View cell parameters

Presents the overall parameters of the stack. This button is available only for a detailed model. The dialog box is shown below.

Signal variation

The Signal Variation tab is available only if Model detail level is set to Detailed. It provides a list of parameters that can be varied. Select a check box for a variable to input a corresponding signal to the block. The following signals can be input to the block:

Fuel composition [x_H2(%)] — Hydrogen in fuel

off (default) | on

Percentage of hydrogen in the fuel. Default is cleared.

Oxidant composition [y_O2(%)] — Oxygen in oxidant

off (default) | on

Percentage of oxygen in the oxidant. Default is cleared.

Fuel flow rate [FuelFr(lpm)] — Fuel flow rate

off (default) | on

Fuel flow rate in liter per minutes. Default is cleared.

Air flow rate [AirFr(lpm)] — Air flow rate

off (default) | on

Air flow rate in liter per minutes. Default is cleared.

System Temperature [T(Kelvin)] — Temperature of operation

off (default) | on

Temperature of operation in Kelvin. Default is cleared.

Fuel supply pressure [Pfuel(atm)] — Fuel supply pressure

off (default) | on

Fuel supply pressure in atm. Default is cleared.

Air supply pressure [PAir(atm)] — Air supply pressure

off (default) | on

Air supply pressure in atm. Default is cleared.

Fuel Cell Dynamics

Specify Fuel Cell Dynamics? — Fuel Cell dynamics options

off (default) | on

Whether you want to specify the fuel cell dynamics. Select the check box to enter the fuel cell response time in seconds. Default is cleared.

Fuel Cell response time (sec) — Fuel Cell response time

1 (default)

Enter the response time of the cell (at 95% of the final value). Default is 1. This parameter becomes available only when the Specify Fuel Cell Dynamics? check box is selected.

References

[1] Njoya, S. M., O. Tremblay, and L. -A. Dessaint. A generic fuel cell model for the simulation of fuel cell vehicles. Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2009, VPPC ’09, IEEE^® . Sept. 7–10, 2009, pp. 1722–29.

[2] Motapon, S.N., O. Tremblay, and L. -A. Dessaint. “Development of a generic fuel cell model: application to a fuel cell vehicle simulation.” Int. J. of Power Electronics. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2012, pp. 505–22.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2008a

R2024b: Unit for the Nominal supply pressure [Fuel (atm), Air (atm)] parameter has changed to atm

The Nominal supply pressure [Fuel (atm), Air (atm)] parameter now only accepts values in atm instead of bar.

R2024b: Calculation of air flow rate has changed when there is no signal variation

If, in the Signal Variation settings, you clear the Fuel flow rate [FuelFr(Ipm)] and Air flow rate [AirFr(Ipm)] parameters, the block now obtains the air flow rate directly from the value of the Nominal Air flow rate (Ipm) parameter and calculates the fuel flow rate by rearranging the equation for hydrogen utilization by making flow rate the subject, based on the nominal conditions.