comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator
Estimate memory-polynomial coefficients for digital predistortion
Description
The comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator
System object™ estimates the coefficients of a memory polynomial for digital pre-distortion
(DPD) of a nonlinear power amplifier, given the baseband equivalent input and baseband
equivalent output of the power amplifier. For more information, see Digital Predistortion and Optimizing Estimator Polynomial Degree and Memory Depth.
To compute predistortion coefficients:
Create the
comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator
object and set its properties.Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.
To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?
Creation
Description
creates a digital predistortion coefficient estimator System object to estimate the coefficients of a memory polynomial for digital
predistortion (DPD) of a nonlinear power amplifier.estimator
= comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator
sets properties using one or more name-value pairs. For example,
estimator
= comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator(Name
,Value
)comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator('PolynomialType','Cross-term memory
polynomial')
configures the predistortion coefficient estimator System object to estimate the coefficients for a memory-polynomial with cross terms.
Enclose each property name in quotes.
Properties
Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their
values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the
release
function unlocks them.
If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.
For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.
DesiredAmplitudeGaindB
— Desired amplitude gain
10
(default) | scalar
Desired amplitude gain in dB, specified as a scalar. This property value expresses the desired signal gain at the compensated amplifier output.
In addition to linearization, the DPD should make the combined gain between the DPD input and the power amplifier output as close as possible to the expected gain. Therefore, set this property based on the expected gain of the power amplifier that you obtain during PA characterization.
Tunable: Yes
Data Types: double
PolynomialType
— Polynomial type
'Memory polynomial'
(default) | 'Cross-term memory polynomial'
Polynomial type used for predistortion, specified as one of these values:
'Memory polynomial'
— Computes predistortion coefficients by using a memory polynomial without cross terms'Cross-term memory polynomial'
— Computes predistortion coefficients by using a memory polynomial with cross terms
For more information, see Digital Predistortion.
Degree
— Memory-polynomial degree
5
(default) | positive integer
Memory-polynomial degree, specified as a positive integer.
Data Types: double
MemoryDepth
— Memory-polynomial depth
3
(default) | positive integer
Memory-polynomial depth in samples, specified as a positive integer.
Data Types: double
Algorithm
— Estimation algorithm
'Least squares'
(default) | 'Recursive least squares'
Adaptive algorithm used for equalization, specified as one of these values:
'Least squares'
— Estimate the memory polynomial coefficients by using a least squares algorithm'Recursive least squares'
— Estimate the memory polynomial coefficients by using a recursive least squares algorithm
For algorithm reference material, see the works listed in [1] and [2].
Data Types: char
| string
ForgettingFactor
— Forgetting factor
0.99
(default) | scalar in the range (0, 1]
Forgetting factor used by the recursive least squares algorithm, specified as a scalar in the range (0, 1]. Decreasing the forgetting factor reduces the convergence time but causes the output estimates to be less stable.
Tunable: Yes
Dependencies
To enable this property, set Algorithm
to 'Recursive least squares'
.
Data Types: double
InitialCoefficientEstimate
— Initial coefficient estimate
[]
(default) | matrix
Initial coefficient estimate for the recursive least squares algorithm, specified as a matrix.
If
InitialCoefficientEstimate
is an empty matrix, the initial coefficient estimate for the recursive least squares algorithm is chosen automatically to correspond to a memory polynomial that is an identity function, so that the output is equal to input.If
InitialCoefficientEstimate
is a nonempty matrix, the number of rows must be equal toMemoryDepth
.If
PolynomialType
is'Memory polynomial'
, the number of columns is the degree of the memory polynomial.If
PolynomialType
is'Cross-term memory polynomial'
, the number of columns must equal m(n-1)+1. m is the memory depth of the polynomial, and n is the degree of the memory polynomial.
For more information, see Digital Predistortion.
Dependencies
To enable this property, set Algorithm
to 'Recursive least squares'
.
Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes
Usage
Description
Input Arguments
paIn
— Power amplifier baseband equivalent input
column vector
Power amplifier baseband equivalent input, specified as a column vector.
This object accepts variable-size inputs. After the object is locked, you can change the size of each input channel, but you cannot change the number of channels. For more information, see Variable-Size Signal Support with System Objects.
Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes
paOut
— Power amplifier baseband equivalent output
column vector
Power amplifier baseband equivalent output, specified as a column vector of the
same length as paIn
.
Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes
Output Arguments
coef
— Memory-polynomial coefficients
matrix
Memory-polynomial coefficients, returned as a matrix. For more information, see Digital Predistortion.
Object Functions
To use an object function, specify the
System object as the first input argument. For
example, to release system resources of a System object named obj
, use
this syntax:
release(obj)
Examples
Predistort Power Amplifier Input Signal
Apply digital predistortion (DPD) to a power amplifier input signal. The DPD coefficient estimator System object uses a captured signal containing power amplifier input and output signals to determine the predistortion coefficient matrix.
Load a file containing the input and output signals for the power amplifier.
load('commpowamp_dpd_data.mat','PA_input','PA_output')
Generate a DPD coefficient estimator System object and a raised cosine transmit filter System object.
estimator = comm.DPDCoefficientEstimator( ... 'DesiredAmplitudeGaindB',10, ... 'PolynomialType','Memory polynomial', ... 'Degree',5,'MemoryDepth',3,'Algorithm','Least squares'); rctFilt = comm.RaisedCosineTransmitFilter('OutputSamplesPerSymbol',2);
Estimate the digital predistortion memory-polynomial coefficients.
coef = estimator(PA_input,PA_output);
Generate a DPD System object using coef
, the estimated coefficients output from the DPD coefficient estimator, as for the coefficient matrix.
dpd = comm.DPD('PolynomialType','Memory polynomial', ... 'Coefficients',coef);
Generate 2000 random symbols and apply 16-QAM modulation to the signal. Apply raised cosine transmit filtering to the modulated signal.
s = randi([0,15],2000,1); u = qammod(s,16); x = rctFilt(u);
Apply digital predistortion to the data. The DPD System object returns a predistorted signal to provide as input to the power amplifier.
y = dpd(x);
Format of Coefficient Matrix for Digital Predistortion Memory Polynomial
This example shows the format of the coefficient matrix for the DPD memory polynomial by using a randomly generated coefficient matrix. Steps in the example include:
Creation of a digital predistorter System object configured using a memory polynomial coefficient matrix with the memory depth set to
3
and the polynomial degree set to5
consisting of random values.Predistortion of a signal using the memory-polynomial coefficient matrix.
Comparison of one predistorted output element to the corresponding input element that has been manually computed using the memory-polynomial coefficient matrix.
Create a coefficient matrix representing a predistorter with the output equal to the input by generating a 3-by-5 coefficient matrix of zeros and setting the coef(1,1)
element to 1
. Add small random complex nonlinear terms to the coefficient matrix.
coef = zeros(3,5); coef(1,1) = 1; coef = coef + 0.01*(randn(3,5)+1j*randn(3,5));
Create a DPD System object using the memory polynomial coefficient matrix, coef
.
dpd = comm.DPD( ... 'PolynomialType','Memory polynomial', ... 'Coefficients',coef);
Generate an input signal and predistort it using the dpd
System object.
x = randn(20,1) + 1j*randn(20,1); y = dpd(x);
Compare the manually distorted output for an input corresponding output element y(18)
to show how the coefficient matrix is used to calculate that particular output value.
u = x(18:-1:(18-3+1));
isequal(y(18),sum(sum(coef .* ...
[u u.*abs(u) u.*(abs(u).^2) u .* (abs(u).^3) u .* (abs(u).^4)])))
ans = logical
1
Format of Cross-Term Coefficient Matrix for Digital Predistortion Memory Polynomial
This example shows the format of the coefficient matrix for the DPD memory polynomial by using a randomly generated coefficient matrix. Steps in the example include:
Creation of a digital predistorter System object configured using a cross-term memory polynomial coefficient matrix with the memory depth set to
3
and the polynomial degree set to5
consisting of random values.Predistortion of a signal using the cross-term memory polynomial coefficient matrix.
Comparison of one predistorted output element to the corresponding input element that has been manually computed using the cross-term memory polynomial coefficient matrix.
Create a coefficient matrix representing a predistorter with the output equal to the input by generating a 3-by-5 coefficient matrix of zeros and setting the coef(1,1)
element to 1
. Add small random complex nonlinear terms to the coefficient matrix.
coef = zeros(3,3*(5-1)+1); coef(1,1) = 1; coef = coef + 0.01*(randn(3,13) + 1j*randn(3,13));
Create a DPD System object using the cross-term memory polynomial coefficient matrix, coef
.
dpd = comm.DPD( ... 'PolynomialType','Cross-term memory polynomial', ... 'Coefficients',coef);
Generate an input signal and predistort it using the dpd
System object.
x = randn(20,1) + 1j*randn(20,1); y = dpd(x);
Compare the manually distorted output for an input corresponding output element y(18)
to show how the coefficient matrix is used to calculate that particular output value.
u = x(18:-1:(18-3+1));
isequal(y(18),sum(sum(coef .* ...
[u u*abs(u.') u*(abs(u.').^2) u*(abs(u.').^3) u*(abs(u.').^4)])))
ans = logical
1
Algorithms
Digital Predistortion
Wireless communication transmissions commonly require wide bandwidth signal transmission over a wide signal dynamic range. To transmit signals over a wide dynamic range and achieve high efficiency, RF power amplifiers (PAs) commonly operate in their nonlinear region. As this constellation diagram shows, the nonlinear behavior of a PA causes signal constellation distortions that pinch the amplitude (AM-AM distortion) and twist phase (AM-PM distortion) of constellation points proportional to the amplitude of the constellation point.
The goal of digital predistortion is to find a nonlinear function that linearizes the net effect of the PA nonlinear behavior at the PA output across the PA operating range. When the PA input is x(n), and the predistortion function is f(u(n)), where u(n) is the true signal to be amplified, the PA output is approximately equal to G×u(n), where G is the desired amplitude gain of the PA.
The digital predistorter can be configured to use a memory polynomial with or without cross terms.
The memory polynomial with cross terms predistorts the input signal as
The memory polynomial with cross terms has (M+M×M×(K-1)) coefficients for cm and amjk.
The memory polynomial without cross terms predistorts the input signal as
The polynomial without cross terms has M×K coefficients for amk.
Estimating Predistortion Function and Coefficients
The DPD coefficient estimation uses an indirect learning architecture to find function f(u(n)) to predistort input signal u(n) which precedes the PA input.
The DPD coefficient estimation algorithm models nonlinear PA memory effects based on the work in reference papers by Morgan, et al [1], and by Schetzen [2], using the theoretical foundation developed for Volterra systems.
Specifically, the inverse mapping from the PA output normalized by the PA gain, {y(n)/G}, to the PA input, {x(n)}, provides a good approximation to the function f(u(n)), needed to predistort {u(n)} to produce {x(n)}.
Referring to the memory polynomial equations above, estimates are computed for the memory-polynomial coefficients:
cm and amjk for a memory polynomial with cross terms
amk for a memory polynomial without cross terms
The memory-polynomial coefficients are estimated by using a least squares fit algorithm or a recursive least squares algorithm. The least squares fit algorithm or a recursive least squares algorithms use the memory polynomial equations above for a memory polynomial with or without cross terms, by replacing {u(n)} with {y(n)/G}. The function order and dimension of the coefficient matrix are defined by the degree and depth of the memory polynomial.
For an example that details the process of accurately estimating memory-polynomial coefficients and predistorting a PA input signal, see Digital Predistortion to Compensate for Power Amplifier Nonlinearities.
For background reference material, see the works listed in [1] and [2].
Optimizing Estimator Polynomial Degree and Memory Depth
The DPD coefficient estimator based on [1] offers one specific indirect learning architecture, and may not be an optimal estimator. Other estimators, such as those using a direct learning architecture, may achieve better DPD results.
With the indirect learning architecture coefficient estimator, choosing the optimal degree and memory depth for the DPD coefficient estimator is a manual and iterative process. Consider starting by using a DPD coefficient estimator that has the same degree and the memory depth as that of the PA model, and check the DPD results. Assuming the results look promising, try reducing the degree and the memory depth for the DPD coefficient estimator. If DPD results are roughly the same or better, consider using the smaller degree and a smaller memory depth for the DPD coefficient estimator because it will be less computationally intensive. You should also experiment with degrees and memory depths above the degree and the memory depth of the PA model. If DPD performance improves using a higher degree or a larger memory depth for the DPD coefficient estimator may be desirable.
Regardless of the polynomial degree used for the estimator, you must control the bandwidth of the DPD input signal to avoid aliasing due to nonlinearities. As a rule of thumb, set the oversampling ratio of the DPD input signal equal to or greater than the degree of the DPD memory polynomial.
References
[1] Morgan, Dennis R., Zhengxiang Ma, Jaehyeong Kim, Michael G. Zierdt, and John Pastalan. "A Generalized Memory Polynomial Model for Digital Predistortion of Power Amplifiers." IEEE® Transactions on Signal Processing. Vol. 54, Number 10, October 2006, pp. 3852–3860.
[2] M. Schetzen. The Volterra and Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.
Usage notes and limitations:
See System Objects in MATLAB Code Generation (MATLAB Coder).
Version History
Introduced in R2019a
See Also
Objects
Blocks
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