{"group":{"id":1,"name":"Community","lockable":false,"created_at":"2012-01-18T18:02:15.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-16T00:20:21.000Z","description":"Problems submitted by members of the MATLAB Central community.","is_default":true,"created_by":161519,"badge_id":null,"featured":false,"trending":false,"solution_count_in_trending_period":0,"trending_last_calculated":"2026-05-16T00:00:00.000Z","image_id":null,"published":true,"community_created":false,"status_id":2,"is_default_group_for_player":false,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"restored_by":null,"restored_at":null,"description_opc":null,"description_html":null,"published_at":null},"problems":[{"id":61337,"title":"Volumetric efficiency","description":"Volumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\r\nThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \r\nNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\r\n\r\nGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 634.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 317.18px; transform-origin: 467.496px 317.191px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eVolumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 514.477px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 257.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 257.238px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function eta_v = volEfficiency(m_actual, rho, Vd)\r\neta_v = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nm = 0.00180; rho = 1.2; Vd = 0.002;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nm = 0.00252; rho = 1.2; Vd = 0.003;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nm = 0.00096; rho = 1.15; Vd = 0.0012;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":2305225,"edited_at":"2026-05-21T09:48:02.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:45:01.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:27:39.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:48:02.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eVolumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61338,"title":"Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio (Lambda)","description":"Lambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u003c 1 is rich, λ \u003e 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\r\n\r\nGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 474.398px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 237.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 237.199px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u0026lt; 1 is rich, λ \u0026gt; 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 393.469px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 196.734px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 196.734px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9uFdrcPkMGE/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEhCK4FEIIDSFryq4qpAxMIARUAAAAAGAElAADIQj0AgKJD\u0026amp;rs=AOn4CLDLLtOPt4b2zx4L72ztX9tL_4S0vw\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function lam = calcLambda(AFR, AFR_s)\r\nlam = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(14.7, 14.7) - 1.0) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(12.5, 14.7) - 12.5/14.7) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(16.2, 14.7) - 16.2/14.7) \u003c 1e-6)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:51:05.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:30:51.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:51:05.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u0026lt; 1 is rich, λ \u0026gt; 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"contentType\":\"image/jpg\",\"content\":\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9uFdrcPkMGE/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEhCK4FEIIDSFryq4qpAxMIARUAAAAAGAElAADIQj0AgKJD\u0026rs=AOn4CLDLLtOPt4b2zx4L72ztX9tL_4S0vw\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61340,"title":"Piston Mean Speed","description":"Mean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\r\n\r\nGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 307.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 153.68px; transform-origin: 467.496px 153.691px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eMean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 226.453px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 113.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 113.227px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://marineinbox.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/images.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function vp = meanPistonSpeed(S, n)\r\nvp = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nS=0.086; n=3000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nS=0.092; n=6000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nS=0.105; n=8000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:58:25.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:26:44.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:58:25.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eMean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://marineinbox.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/images.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61339,"title":"Engine Displacement ","description":"Engine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\r\n\r\nGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 473.391px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 236.695px; transform-origin: 467.496px 236.695px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eEngine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 392.461px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 196.219px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 196.23px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://www.aa1car.com/library/engine_displacement.jpg\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function Vd = engineDisplacement(B, S, N)\r\nVd = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nB=0.086; S=0.086; N=4;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nB=0.096; S=0.092; N=6;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nB=0.110; S=0.105; N=8;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":1,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:54:47.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:30:06.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:54:47.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eEngine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"contentType\":\"image/jpg\",\"content\":\"https://www.aa1car.com/library/engine_displacement.jpg\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61336,"title":"Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)","description":"BMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\r\n\r\nGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 570.047px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 285.023px; transform-origin: 467.496px 285.023px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 489.117px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 244.547px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 244.559px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1efdb1_5ced4cd83869436cbfd4286a5c83ab9b~mv2.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function bmep = calcBMEP(T, Vd, k)\r\nbmep = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nT = 200; Vd = 0.002; k = 4;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%\r\nT = 350; Vd = 0.003; k = 4;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%\r\nT = 80; Vd = 0.0005; k = 2;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:38:18.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:33:33.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:38:18.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1efdb1_5ced4cd83869436cbfd4286a5c83ab9b~mv2.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61341,"title":"Specific Fuel Consumption","description":"Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \r\nLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\r\n\r\nGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 110.906px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 55.4531px; transform-origin: 467.496px 55.4531px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBrake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function bsfc = calcBSFC(m_dot, P)\r\nbsfc = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nm_dot=0.0070; P=100000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nm_dot=0.0105; P=150000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nm_dot=0.0040; P=60000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:05:55.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:31:46.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:05:55.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBrake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61342,"title":"Swept Volume and Clearance Volume","description":"The swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\r\n\r\nGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 616.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 308.18px; transform-origin: 467.496px 308.191px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 514.477px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 257.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 257.238px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Vs, Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC, V_TDC)\r\nVs = 0;\r\nVc = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nV_BDC=550e-6; V_TDC=50e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - 500e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - 50e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nV_BDC=750e-6; V_TDC=62.5e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - 687.5e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - 62.5e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nV_BDC=400e-6; V_TDC=36.36e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - (V_BDC-V_TDC)) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - V_TDC) \u003c 1e-9)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:13:10.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:34:46.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:13:10.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"507\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"685\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61343,"title":"Geometric Compression Ratio","description":"The geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\r\n\r\nGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 996.398px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 498.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 498.199px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 894.492px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 447.234px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 447.246px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://capstone-x.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Gemini_Generated_Image_12mi8212mi8212mi.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function CR = compressionRatio(Vs, Vc)\r\nCR = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nVs = 500e-6; Vc = 55.56e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nVs = 687.5e-6; Vc = 62.5e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nVs = 363.6e-6; Vc = 36.36e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:16:34.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:36:11.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:16:34.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"1024\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"1024\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://capstone-x.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Gemini_Generated_Image_12mi8212mi8212mi.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61334,"title":"Engine Thermal Efficiency","description":"The thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\r\nGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\r\n\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 344.367px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 172.172px; transform-origin: 467.496px 172.184px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 233.461px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 116.719px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 116.73px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://unacademy.com/content/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/heat-300x226.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function eta = ottoEfficiency(r, gamma)\r\neta = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nr = 8; gamma = 1.4;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%\r\nr = 10; gamma = 1.4;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%\r\nr = 12; gamma = 1.35;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":2305225,"edited_at":"2026-05-21T09:29:12.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":2,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:26:24.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T15:11:41.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:29:12.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"226\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"300\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://unacademy.com/content/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/heat-300x226.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61335,"title":"Engine torque and RPM","description":"Torque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\r\n\r\nGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 414.375px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 207.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 207.188px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eTorque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 303.469px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 151.734px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 151.734px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://i.sstatic.net/Y7lkM.gif\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function T = engineTorque(P, n)\r\nT = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nP = 100000; n = 3000;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%\r\nP = 150000; n = 4500;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%\r\nP = 74570; n = 1800;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":2,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:33:26.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T15:16:53.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:33:26.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eTorque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.gif\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.gif\",\"contentType\":\"image/gif\",\"content\":\"https://i.sstatic.net/Y7lkM.gif\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"}],"problem_search":{"errors":[],"problems":[{"id":61337,"title":"Volumetric efficiency","description":"Volumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\r\nThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \r\nNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\r\n\r\nGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 634.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 317.18px; transform-origin: 467.496px 317.191px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eVolumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 514.477px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 257.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 257.238px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function eta_v = volEfficiency(m_actual, rho, Vd)\r\neta_v = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nm = 0.00180; rho = 1.2; Vd = 0.002;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nm = 0.00252; rho = 1.2; Vd = 0.003;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nm = 0.00096; rho = 1.15; Vd = 0.0012;\r\nassert(abs(volEfficiency(m,rho,Vd) - m/(rho*Vd)) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":2305225,"edited_at":"2026-05-21T09:48:02.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:45:01.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:27:39.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:48:02.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eVolumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoretical maximum based on displacement. \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eNaturally aspirated engines typically achieve 80–95%.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven actual air mass m_actual (kg), air density ρ (kg/m³), and displacement V_d (m³), compute volumetric efficiency η_v.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61338,"title":"Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio (Lambda)","description":"Lambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u003c 1 is rich, λ \u003e 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\r\n\r\nGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 474.398px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 237.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 237.199px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u0026lt; 1 is rich, λ \u0026gt; 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 393.469px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 196.734px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 196.734px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9uFdrcPkMGE/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEhCK4FEIIDSFryq4qpAxMIARUAAAAAGAElAADIQj0AgKJD\u0026amp;rs=AOn4CLDLLtOPt4b2zx4L72ztX9tL_4S0vw\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function lam = calcLambda(AFR, AFR_s)\r\nlam = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(14.7, 14.7) - 1.0) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(12.5, 14.7) - 12.5/14.7) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nassert(abs(calcLambda(16.2, 14.7) - 16.2/14.7) \u003c 1e-6)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:51:05.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:30:51.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:51:05.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ \u0026lt; 1 is rich, λ \u0026gt; 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"contentType\":\"image/jpg\",\"content\":\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9uFdrcPkMGE/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEhCK4FEIIDSFryq4qpAxMIARUAAAAAGAElAADIQj0AgKJD\u0026rs=AOn4CLDLLtOPt4b2zx4L72ztX9tL_4S0vw\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61340,"title":"Piston Mean Speed","description":"Mean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\r\n\r\nGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 307.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 153.68px; transform-origin: 467.496px 153.691px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eMean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 226.453px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 113.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 113.227px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://marineinbox.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/images.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function vp = meanPistonSpeed(S, n)\r\nvp = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nS=0.086; n=3000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nS=0.092; n=6000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nS=0.105; n=8000;\r\nassert(abs(meanPistonSpeed(S,n) - 2*S*n/60) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:58:25.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:26:44.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:58:25.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eMean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigue. Most production engines keep mean piston speed under 15 m/s; racing engines push this toward 25 m/s.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven stroke S (m) and engine speed n (RPM), compute mean piston speed v_p (m/s).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://marineinbox.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/images.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61339,"title":"Engine Displacement ","description":"Engine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\r\n\r\nGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 473.391px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 236.695px; transform-origin: 467.496px 236.695px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eEngine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 392.461px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 196.219px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 196.23px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://www.aa1car.com/library/engine_displacement.jpg\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function Vd = engineDisplacement(B, S, N)\r\nVd = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nB=0.086; S=0.086; N=4;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nB=0.096; S=0.092; N=6;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nB=0.110; S=0.105; N=8;\r\nassert(abs(engineDisplacement(B,S,N) - (pi/4)*B^2*S*N) \u003c 1e-8)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":1,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:54:47.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:30:06.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:54:47.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eEngine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston travel), and the number of cylinders. Displacement is typically quoted in litres or cubic centimetres for consumer engines.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven bore B (m), stroke S (m), and number of cylinders N, compute total displacement V_d (m³).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.jpg\",\"contentType\":\"image/jpg\",\"content\":\"https://www.aa1car.com/library/engine_displacement.jpg\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61336,"title":"Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)","description":"BMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\r\n\r\nGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 570.047px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 285.023px; transform-origin: 467.496px 285.023px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 489.117px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 244.547px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 244.559px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1efdb1_5ced4cd83869436cbfd4286a5c83ab9b~mv2.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function bmep = calcBMEP(T, Vd, k)\r\nbmep = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nT = 200; Vd = 0.002; k = 4;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%\r\nT = 350; Vd = 0.003; k = 4;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%\r\nT = 80; Vd = 0.0005; k = 2;\r\nbmep_expected = (T * 2 * pi * k) / Vd;\r\nassert(abs(calcBMEP(T,Vd,k) - bmep_expected) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:38:18.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:33:33.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:38:18.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different sizes on equal footing — a higher BMEP indicates a more efficient use of displacement.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven torque T (N·m), displacement V_d (m³), and number of strokes k (2 or 4), compute BMEP.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1efdb1_5ced4cd83869436cbfd4286a5c83ab9b~mv2.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61341,"title":"Specific Fuel Consumption","description":"Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \r\nLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\r\n\r\nGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 110.906px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 55.4531px; transform-origin: 467.496px 55.4531px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBrake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function bsfc = calcBSFC(m_dot, P)\r\nbsfc = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nm_dot=0.0070; P=100000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nm_dot=0.0105; P=150000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nm_dot=0.0040; P=60000;\r\nassert(abs(calcBSFC(m_dot,P) - (m_dot/P)*3.6e6) \u003c 1e-3)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:05:55.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:31:46.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:05:55.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBrake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work. \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLower is better. Modern petrol engines achieve roughly 250–270 g/kWh at their best efficiency point.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven fuel mass flow rate m_dot (kg/s) and brake power P (W), compute BSFC in g/kWh.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61342,"title":"Swept Volume and Clearance Volume","description":"The swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\r\n\r\nGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 616.383px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 308.18px; transform-origin: 467.496px 308.191px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 514.477px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 257.227px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 257.238px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Vs, Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC, V_TDC)\r\nVs = 0;\r\nVc = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nV_BDC=550e-6; V_TDC=50e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - 500e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - 50e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nV_BDC=750e-6; V_TDC=62.5e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - 687.5e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - 62.5e-6) \u003c 1e-9)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nV_BDC=400e-6; V_TDC=36.36e-6;\r\n[Vs,Vc] = sweptClearanceVolume(V_BDC,V_TDC);\r\nassert(abs(Vs - (V_BDC-V_TDC)) \u003c 1e-9)\r\nassert(abs(Vc - V_TDC) \u003c 1e-9)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:13:10.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:34:46.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:13:10.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre). The clearance volume (V_c) is the remaining volume above the piston at TDC — it cannot be swept and defines the compression limit.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"507\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"685\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven total cylinder volume at BDC V_BDC (m³) and clearance volume at TDC V_TDC (m³), compute the swept volume V_s and confirm it matches the bore-stroke formula using bore B (m) and stroke S (m).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-89216-6_3/MediaObjects/521933_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61343,"title":"Geometric Compression Ratio","description":"The geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\r\n\r\nGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 996.398px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 498.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 498.199px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 894.492px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 447.234px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 447.246px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://capstone-x.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Gemini_Generated_Image_12mi8212mi8212mi.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function CR = compressionRatio(Vs, Vc)\r\nCR = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%Test 1\r\nVs = 500e-6; Vc = 55.56e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%Test 2\r\nVs = 687.5e-6; Vc = 62.5e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%Test 3\r\nVs = 363.6e-6; Vc = 36.36e-6;\r\nCR_expected = (Vs + Vc) / Vc;\r\nassert(abs(compressionRatio(Vs,Vc) - CR_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":1,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T10:16:34.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T14:36:11.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T10:16:34.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of the most fundamental engine design parameters — it governs knock tendency, thermal efficiency, and peak cylinder pressure.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"1024\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"1024\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven swept volume V_s (m³) and clearance volume V_c (m³), compute the compression ratio CR. Also verify the result using the TDC/BDC volumes directly.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://capstone-x.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Gemini_Generated_Image_12mi8212mi8212mi.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61334,"title":"Engine Thermal Efficiency","description":"The thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\r\nGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\r\n\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 344.367px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 172.172px; transform-origin: 467.496px 172.184px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 233.461px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 116.719px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 116.73px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://unacademy.com/content/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/heat-300x226.png\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function eta = ottoEfficiency(r, gamma)\r\neta = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nr = 8; gamma = 1.4;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%\r\nr = 10; gamma = 1.4;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)\r\n%%\r\nr = 12; gamma = 1.35;\r\neta_expected = 1 - (1/r^(gamma-1));\r\nassert(abs(ottoEfficiency(r,gamma) - eta_expected) \u003c 1e-6)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":2305225,"edited_at":"2026-05-21T09:29:12.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":2,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:26:24.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T15:11:41.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:29:12.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields greater efficiency, which is why performance engines run higher compression.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven compression ratio r and heat capacity ratio γ (gamma), compute the thermal efficiency η.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"226\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"300\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.png\",\"contentType\":\"image/png\",\"content\":\"https://unacademy.com/content/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/heat-300x226.png\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"},{"id":61335,"title":"Engine torque and RPM","description":"Torque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\r\n\r\nGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 414.375px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 467.484px 207.188px; transform-origin: 467.496px 207.188px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 41.9531px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 20.9766px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eTorque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 303.469px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 151.734px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 151.734px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"imageNode\" style=\"vertical-align: baseline\" src=\"https://i.sstatic.net/Y7lkM.gif\" data-image-state=\"image-loaded\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 20.9766px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 443.508px 10.4766px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 443.508px 10.4883px; white-space-collapse: preserve; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function T = engineTorque(P, n)\r\nT = 0;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nP = 100000; n = 3000;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%\r\nP = 150000; n = 4500;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)\r\n%%\r\nP = 74570; n = 1800;\r\nT_expected = P / (2*pi*n/60);\r\nassert(abs(engineTorque(P,n) - T_expected) \u003c 1e-4)","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":0,"comments_count":0,"created_by":2305225,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":2,"test_suite_updated_at":null,"rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2026-05-21T09:33:26.000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T15:16:53.000Z","published_at":"2026-05-21T09:33:26.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eTorque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque delivered at the crankshaft. This is a fundamental dyno measurement relationship.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"image\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"height\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"width\\\" w:val=\\\"-1\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"verticalAlign\\\" w:val=\\\"baseline\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altText\\\" w:val=\\\"\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"relationshipId\\\" w:val=\\\"rId1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eGiven power P (in watts) and rotational speed n (in RPM), compute torque T (in N·m).\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/image\",\"target\":\"/media/image1.gif\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]},{\"partUri\":\"/media/image1.gif\",\"contentType\":\"image/gif\",\"content\":\"https://i.sstatic.net/Y7lkM.gif\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"}],"term":"tag:\"engine\"","current_player_id":null,"fields":[{"name":"page","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":1,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"per_page","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":50,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"sort","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"body","type":"text","callback":null,"default":"*:*","directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":false},{"name":"group","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"group","facet":true,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"difficulty_rating_bin","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"difficulty_rating_bin","facet":true,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"tag","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"tag","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"product","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"product","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"created_at","type":"timeframe","callback":{},"default":null,"directive":"created_at","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"profile_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"author_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"created_by","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"author","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"player_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solver_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"player","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solver","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"solvers_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solvers_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"comments_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"comments_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"likes_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"likes_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"leader_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"leader_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"leading_solution","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"leading_solution","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true}],"filters":[{"name":"asset_type","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":"\"cody:problem\"","prepend":true},{"name":"profile_id","type":"integer","callback":{},"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"author_id","static":null,"prepend":true}],"query":{"params":{"per_page":50,"term":"tag:\"engine\"","current_player":null,"sort":"map(difficulty_value,0,0,999) asc"},"parser":"MathWorks::Search::Solr::QueryParser","directives":{"term":{"directives":{"tag":[["tag:\"engine\"","","\"","engine","\""]]}}},"facets":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528168\u003e":null,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625280c8\u003e":null},"filters":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262527808\u003e":"\"cody:problem\""},"fields":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625283e8\u003e":1,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528348\u003e":50,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625282a8\u003e":"map(difficulty_value,0,0,999) asc","#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528208\u003e":"tag:\"engine\""},"user_query":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528208\u003e":"tag:\"engine\""},"queried_facets":{}},"query_backend":{"connection":{"configuration":{"index_url":"http://index-op-v2/solr/","query_url":"http://search-op-v2/solr/","direct_access_index_urls":["http://index-op-v2/solr/"],"direct_access_query_urls":["http://search-op-v2/solr/"],"timeout":10,"vhost":"search","exchange":"search.topic","heartbeat":30,"pre_index_mode":false,"host":"rabbitmq-eks","port":5672,"username":"cody-search","password":"78X075ddcV44","virtual_host":"search","indexer":"amqp","http_logging":"true","core":"cody"},"query_connection":{"uri":"http://search-op-v2/solr/cody/","proxy":null,"connection":{"parallel_manager":null,"headers":{"User-Agent":"Faraday v1.0.1"},"params":{},"options":{"params_encoder":"Faraday::FlatParamsEncoder","proxy":null,"bind":null,"timeout":null,"open_timeout":null,"read_timeout":null,"write_timeout":null,"boundary":null,"oauth":null,"context":null,"on_data":null},"ssl":{"verify":true,"ca_file":null,"ca_path":null,"verify_mode":null,"cert_store":null,"client_cert":null,"client_key":null,"certificate":null,"private_key":null,"verify_depth":null,"version":null,"min_version":null,"max_version":null},"default_parallel_manager":null,"builder":{"adapter":{"name":"Faraday::Adapter::NetHttp","args":[],"block":null},"handlers":[{"name":"Faraday::Response::RaiseError","args":[],"block":null}],"app":{"app":{"ssl_cert_store":{"verify_callback":null,"error":null,"error_string":null,"chain":null},"app":{},"connection_options":{},"config_block":null}}},"url_prefix":"http://search-op-v2/solr/cody/","manual_proxy":false,"proxy":null},"update_format":"RSolr::JSON::Generator","update_path":"update","options":{"url":"http://search-op-v2/solr/cody"}}},"query":{"params":{"per_page":50,"term":"tag:\"engine\"","current_player":null,"sort":"map(difficulty_value,0,0,999) asc"},"parser":"MathWorks::Search::Solr::QueryParser","directives":{"term":{"directives":{"tag":[["tag:\"engine\"","","\"","engine","\""]]}}},"facets":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528168\u003e":null,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625280c8\u003e":null},"filters":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262527808\u003e":"\"cody:problem\""},"fields":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625283e8\u003e":1,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528348\u003e":50,"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f32625282a8\u003e":"map(difficulty_value,0,0,999) asc","#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528208\u003e":"tag:\"engine\""},"user_query":{"#\u003cMathWorks::Search::Field:0x00007f3262528208\u003e":"tag:\"engine\""},"queried_facets":{}},"options":{"fields":["id","difficulty_rating"]},"join":" "},"results":[{"id":61337,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61338,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61340,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61339,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61336,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61341,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61342,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61343,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61334,"difficulty_rating":"easy"},{"id":61335,"difficulty_rating":"easy"}]}}