Documentation

# Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (Phasor Type)

Implement phasor model of variable speed doubly-fed induction generator driven by wind turbine

## Library

Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Renewables / Wind Generation

## Description

The wind turbine and the doubly-fed induction generator (WTDFIG) are shown in the figure.

The Wind Turbine and the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator System

The AC/DC/AC converter is divided into two components: the rotor-side converter (Crotor) and the grid-side converter (Cgrid). Crotor and Cgrid are Voltage-Sourced Converters that use forced-commutated power electronic devices (IGBTs) to synthesize an AC voltage from a DC voltage source. A capacitor connected on the DC side acts as the DC voltage source. A coupling inductor L is used to connect Cgrid to the grid. The three-phase rotor winding is connected to Crotor by slip rings and brushes and the three-phase stator winding is directly connected to the grid. The power captured by the wind turbine is converted into electrical power by the induction generator and it is transmitted to the grid by the stator and the rotor windings. The control system generates the pitch angle command and the voltage command signals Vr and Vgc for Crotor and Cgrid respectively in order to control the power of the wind turbine, the DC bus voltage, and the reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.

### Operating Principle

Power flow, as illustrated in the figure, describes the operating principle of the Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generator.

The Power Flow

The parameters for the power flow figure are:

 Pm Mechanical power captured by the wind turbine and transmitted to the rotor Ps Stator electrical power output Pr Rotor electrical power output Pgc Cgrid electrical power output Qs Stator reactive power output Qr Rotor reactive power output Qgc Cgrid reactive power output Tm Mechanical torque applied to rotor Tem Electromagnetic torque applied to the rotor by the generator ωr Rotational speed of rotor ωs Rotational speed of the magnetic flux in the air-gap of the generator, this speed is named synchronous speed. It is proportional to the frequency of the grid voltage and to the number of generator poles. J Combined rotor and wind turbine inertia coefficient

The mechanical power and the stator electric power output are computed as follows:

Pm = TmωrPs = Temωs.

For a lossless generator the mechanical equation is:

`$J\frac{d{\omega }_{r}}{dt}={T}_{m}-{T}_{em}.$`

In steady-state at fixed speed for a lossless generator TmTem and PmPsPr.

It follows that:

`${P}_{r}={P}_{m}-{P}_{s}={T}_{m}{\omega }_{r}-{T}_{em}{\omega }_{s}=-{T}_{m}\frac{{\omega }_{s}-{\omega }_{r}}{{\omega }_{s}}{\omega }_{s}=-s{T}_{m}{\omega }_{s}=-s{P}_{s},$`

where s is defined as the slip of the generator: s= (ωsωr)/ωs.

Generally the absolute value of slip is much lower than 1 and, consequently, Pr is only a fraction of Ps. Since Tm is positive for power generation and since ωs is positive and constant for a constant frequency grid voltage, the sign of Pr is a function of the slip sign. Pr is positive for negative slip (speed greater than synchronous speed) and it is negative for positive slip (speed lower than synchronous speed). For super-synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to DC bus capacitor and tends to rise the DC voltage. For subsynchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC bus capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage. Cgrid is used to generate or absorb the power Pgc in order to keep the DC voltage constant. In steady-state for a lossless AC/DC/AC converter Pgc is equal to Pr and the speed of the wind turbine is determined by the power Pr absorbed or generated by Crotor. The power control is explained below.

The phase-sequence of the AC voltage generated by Crotor is positive for subsynchronous speed and negative for super-synchronous speed. The frequency of this voltage is equal to the product of the grid frequency and the absolute value of the slip.

Crotor and Cgrid have the capability of generating or absorbing reactive power and could be used to control the reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.

### C_rotor Control System

The rotor-side converter is used to control the wind turbine output power and the voltage (or reactive power) measured at the grid terminals.

Power Control

The power is controlled in order to follow a pre-defined power-speed characteristic, named tracking characteristic. An example of such a characteristic is illustrated by the ABCD curve superimposed to the mechanical power characteristics of the turbine obtained at different wind speeds.

Turbine Characteristics and Tracking Characteristic

The actual speed of the turbine ωr is measured and the corresponding mechanical power of the tracking characteristic is used as the reference power for the power control loop. The tracking characteristic is defined by four points: A, B, C, and D. From zero speed to speed of point A, the reference power is zero. Between point A and point B the tracking characteristic is a straight line, the speed of point B must be greater than the speed of point A. Between point B and point C the tracking characteristic is the locus of the maximum power of the turbine (maxima of the turbine power versus turbine speed curves). The tracking characteristic is a straight line from point C and point D. The power at point D is one per unit (1 pu) and the speed of the point D must be greater than the speed of point C. Beyond point D the reference power is a constant equal to one per unit (1 pu).

The generic power control loop is illustrated in the figure.

Rotor-Side Converter Control System

The actual electrical output power, measured at the grid terminals of the wind turbine, is added to the total power losses (mechanical and electrical) and is compared with the reference power obtained from the tracking characteristic. A Proportional-Integral (PI) regulator is used to reduce the power error to zero. The output of this regulator is the reference rotor current Iqr_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter Crotor. This is the current component that produces the electromagnetic torque Tem. The actual Iqr component of positive-sequence current is compared to Iqr_ref and the error is reduced to zero by a current regulator (PI). The output of this current controller is the voltage Vqr generated by Crotor. The current regulator is assisted by feed forward terms which predict Vqr.

Voltage Control and Reactive Power Control

The voltage or the reactive power at grid terminals is controlled by the reactive current flowing in the converter Crotor. The generic control loop is illustrated in the figure.

Wind Turbine V-I Characteristic

When the wind turbine is operated in voltage regulation mode, it implements the following V-I characteristic.

As long as the reactive current stays within the maximum current values (-Imax, Imax) imposed by the converter rating, the voltage is regulated at the reference voltage Vref. However, a voltage droop is normally used (usually between 1% and 4% at maximum reactive power output), and the V-I characteristic has the indicated slope. In the voltage regulation mode, the V-I characteristic is described by the following equation:

V = Vref + XsI,

where:

 V Positive sequence voltage (pu) I Reactive current (pu/Pnom) (I > 0 indicates an inductive current) Xs Slope or droop reactance (pu/Pnom) Pnom Three-phase nominal power of the converter specified in the block dialog box

When the wind turbine is operated in var regulation mode, the reactive power at grid terminals is kept constant by a var regulator.

The output of the voltage regulator or the var regulator is the reference d-axis current Idr_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter Crotor. The same current regulator as for the power control is used to regulate the actual Idr component of positive-sequence current to its reference value. The output of this regulator is the d-axis voltage Vdr generated by Crotor. The current regulator is assisted by feed forward terms which predict Vdr.

Vdr and Vqr are respectively the d-axis and q-axis of the voltage Vr.

Note:

• for Crotor control system and measurements the d-axis of the d-q rotating reference frame is locked on the generator mutual flux by a PLL which is assumed to be ideal in this phasor model.

• the magnitude of the reference rotor current Ir_ref is equal to $\sqrt{{I}_{dr\text{_ref}}^{2}+{I}_{qr\text{_ref}}^{2}}$. The maximum value of this current is limited to 1 pu. When Idr_ref and Iqr_ref are such that the magnitude is higher than 1 pu, the Iqr_ref component is reduced in order to bring back the magnitude to 1 pu.

### C_grid Control System

The converter Cgrid is used to regulate the voltage of the DC bus capacitor. In addition, this model allows using Cgrid converter to generate or absorb reactive power.

The control system is illustrated in the figure.

Grid-Side Converter Control System

The control system consists of:

• Measurement systems measuring the d and q components of AC positive-sequence currents to be controlled as well as the DC voltage Vdc.

• An outer regulation loop consisting of a DC voltage regulator. The output of the DC voltage regulator is the reference current Idgc_ref for the current regulator (Idgc = current in phase with grid voltage which controls active power flow).

• An inner current regulation loop consisting of a current regulator. The current regulator controls the magnitude and phase of the voltage generated by converter Cgrid (Vgc) from the Idgc_ref produced by the DC voltage regulator and specified Iq_ref reference. The current regulator is assisted by feed forward terms which predict the Cgrid output voltage.

The magnitude of the reference grid converter current Igc_ref is equal to

`$\sqrt{{I}_{dgc\text{_ref}}^{2}+{I}_{qr\text{_ref}}^{2}}$`

. The maximum value of this current is limited to a value defined by the converter maximum power at nominal voltage. When Idgc_ref and Iq_ref are such that the magnitude is higher than this maximum value, the Iq_ref component is reduced in order to bring back the magnitude to its maximum value.

### Pitch Angle Control System

The pitch angle is kept constant at zero degrees until the speed reaches point D speed of the tracking characteristic. Beyond point D the pitch angle is proportional to the speed deviation from point D speed. The control system is illustrated in the following figure.

Pitch Control System

Turbine Model

The turbine model uses the Wind Turbine bloc of the Renewables/Wind Generation library. See documentation of this model for more details.

Induction Generator

The doubly-fed induction generator phasor model is the same as the wound rotor asynchronous machine (see the Machines library) with the following two points of difference:

1. Only the positive-sequence is taken into account, the negative-sequence has been eliminated.

2. A trip input has been added. When this input is high, the induction generator is disconnected from the grid and from Crotor.

## Parameters

The WTDFIG parameters are grouped in four categories: Generator data, Converters data, Turbine data, and Control parameters. Use the Display listbox to select which group of parameters you want to visualize.

### Generator Tab

External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input)

When you select this parameter, the Turbine tab is not visible, and a Simulink® input named Tm appears on the block, allowing to use an external signal for the generator input mechanical torque. This external torque must be in pu based on the nominal electric power and synchronous speed. For example, the external torque may come from a user defined turbine model. Following the convention used in the induction machine, the torque must be negative for power generation. Default is cleared.

Nominal power, line-to-line voltage and frequency

The nominal power in VA, the nominal line-to-line voltage in Vrms and the nominal system frequency in hertz. Default is `[1.5e6/0.9 575 60]`.

Stator

The stator resistance Rs and leakage inductance Lls in pu based on the generator rating. Default is `[ 0.00706 0.171]`.

Rotor

The rotor resistance Rr' and leakage inductance Llr', both referred to the stator, in pu based on the generator rating. Default is `[ 0.005 0.156]`.

Magnetizing inductance

The magnetizing inductance Lm in pu based on the generator rating. Default is `2.90`.

Inertia constant, friction factor and pairs of poles

Combined generator and turbine inertia constant H in seconds, combined viscous friction factor F in pu based on the generator rating and number of pole pairs p. Default is `[5.04 0.01 3]`.

You may need to use your own turbine model, in order for example, to implement different power characteristics or to implement the shaft stiffness. Your model must then output the mechanical torque applied to the generator shaft. If the inertia and the friction factor of the turbine are implemented inside the turbine model you specify only the generator inertia constant H and the generator friction factor F.

Initial conditions

The initial slip s, electrical angle Θ in degrees, stator phasor current magnitude in pu, stator phasor current phase angle in degrees, rotor phasor current magnitude in pu and rotor phasor current phase angle in degrees. Default is ```[0.2 0 0 0 0 0]```.

### Turbine Tab

Nominal wind turbine mechanical output power

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

The nominal turbine mechanical output power in watts. Default is `1.5e6`.

Tracking characteristic speeds

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

Specify the speeds of point A to point D of the tracking characteristic in pu of the synchronous speed. speed_B must be greater than speed_A and speed_D must be greater than speed_C. Default is `[0.7 0.71 1.2 1.21]`.

Power at point C

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

Specify the power of point C of the tracking characteristic in pu of the Nominal wind turbine mechanical output power. Default is `0.73`.

Wind speed at point C

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

Specify wind speed in m/s for point C. The power at point C is the maximum turbine output power for the specified wind speed. Default is `12`.

Pitch angle controller gain [Kp]

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

Proportional gain Kp of the pitch controller. Specify Kp in degrees/(speed deviation pu). The speed deviation is the difference between actual speed and speed of point D in pu of synchronous speed. Default is `500`.

Maximum pitch angle

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

The maximum pitch angle in degrees. Default is `45`.

Maximum rate of change of pitch angle

This parameter is not visible when the External turbine (Tm mechanical torque input) parameter is selected.

The maximum rate of change of the pitch angle in degrees/s. Default is `2`.

Display wind turbine power characteristics

Click to plot the turbine power characteristics at zero degree of pitch angle for different wind speeds. The tracking characteristic is also displayed on the same figure.

### Converters Tab

Converter maximum power

The maximum power of both Cgrid and Crotor in pu of the nominal power. This parameter is used to compute the maximum current at 1 pu of voltage for Cgrid. The maximum current for Crotor is 1 pu. Default is `0.5`.

Grid-side coupling inductor

The coupling inductance L and its resistance R in pu based on the generator rating. Default is `[0.15 0.15/100]`.

Coupling inductor initial currents

The coupling inductor initial phasor current in positive-sequence. Enter magnitude IL in pu and phase ph_IL in degrees. If you know the initial value of the current corresponding to the WTDFIG operating point you may specify it in order to start simulation in steady state. If you don't know this value, you can leave `[0 90]`. The system will reach steady-state after a short transient. Default is ```[0 90]```.

Nominal DC bus voltage

The nominal DC bus voltage in volts. Default is `1200`.

DC bus capacitor

The total capacitance of the DC link in farads. This capacitance value is related to the WTDFIG rating and to the DC link nominal voltage. The energy stored in the capacitance (in joules) divided by the WTDFIG rating (in VA) is a time duration which is usually a fraction of a cycle at nominal frequency. For example, for the default parameters, (C=10000 µF, Vdc=1200 V, Pn=1.67 MVA) this ratio $1/2\cdot C\cdot {V}_{\text{dc}}^{2}/{P}_{n}$ is 4.3 ms, which represents 0.26 cycle for a 60 Hz frequency. If you change the default values of the nominal power rating and DC voltage, you should change the capacitance value accordingly. Default is `10000e-6`.

### Control Tab

Mode

Specifies the WTDFIG mode of operation. Select `Voltage regulation` (default) or ```Var regulation```.

Reference grid voltage Vref

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Var regulation`.

Reference voltage, in pu, used by the voltage regulator. Default is `1.0`.When External is selected, a Simulink input named Vref appears on the block, allowing you to control the reference voltage from an external signal (in pu). The Reference grid voltage parameter is therefore unavailable.

Generated reactive power Qref

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Voltage regulation`.

Reference generated reactive power at grid terminals, in pu, used by the var regulator. Default is `0`. When External is selected, a Simulink input named Qref appears on the block, allowing you to control the reference reactive power from an external signal (in pu). The Generated reactive power Qref parameter is therefore unavailable

Grid-side converter generated reactive current reference (Iq_ref)

Reference grid-side converter reactive current, in pu, used by the current regulator. Specify a positive value of Iq_ref for generated reactive power. Default is `0`. When External is selected, a Simulink input named Iq_ref appears on the block, allowing you to control the grid-side converter reactive current from an external signal (in pu). The Grid-side converter generated reactive current reference parameter is therefore unavailable.

Grid voltage regulator gains [Kp Ki]

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Var regulation`.

Gains of the AC voltage regulator. Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of I)/(pu of V), and integral gain Ki, in (pu of I)/(pu of V)/s, where V is the AC voltage error and I is the output of the voltage regulator. Default is `[1.25 300]`.

Droop Xs

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Var regulation`.

Droop reactance, in pu/nominal power, defining the slope of the V-I characteristic. Default is `0.02`.

Reactive power regulator gains [Kp Ki]

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Voltage regulation`.

Gains of the var regulator. Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of I)/(pu of Q), and integral gain Ki, in (pu of I)/(pu of Q)/s, where Q is the reactive power error and I is the output of the var regulator. Default is `[0.05 5]`.

Power regulator gains [Kp Ki]

Gains of the power regulator. Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of I)/(pu of P), and integral gain Ki, in (pu of I)/(pu of P)/s, where P is the power error and I is the output of the power regulator. Default is `[1 100]`.

DC bus voltage regulator gains [Kp Ki]

Gains of the DC voltage regulator which controls the voltage across the DC bus capacitor. Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of I)/(Vdc), and integral gain Ki, in (pu of I)/(Vdc)/s, where Vdc is the DC voltage error and I is the output of the voltage regulator. Default is `[0.002 0.05]`.

Grid-side converter current regulator gains [Kp Ki]

Gains of the grid-side converter current regulator.

Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of V)/(pu of I) and integral gain Ki, in (pu of V)/(pu of I)/s, where V is the output Vgc of the current regulator and I is the current error. Default is `[1 100]`.

Rotor-side converter current regulator gains [Kp Ki]

Gains of the rotor-side converter current regulator. Default is ```[0.3 8]```.

Specify proportional gain Kp in (pu of V)/(pu of I) and integral gain Ki, in (pu of V)/(pu of I)/s, where V is the output Vr of the current regulator and I is the current error.

Maximum rate of change of reference grid voltage

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Var regulation`.

Maximum rate of change of the reference voltage, in pu/s, when an external reference voltage is used. Default is `100`.

Maximum rate of change of reference reactive power

This parameter is not visible when the Mode parameter is set to `Voltage regulation`.

Maximum rate of change of the reference reactive power, in pu/s, when an external reference reactive power is used. Default is `100`.

Maximum rate of change of reference power

Maximum rate of change of the reference power in pu/s. Default is `1`.

Maximum rate of change of converter reference currents

Maximum rate of change of the reference current in pu/s for both the rotor-side and the grid-side converters. Default is `200`.

## Inputs and Outputs

`A B C`

The three terminals of the WTDFIG.

`Trip`

Apply a Simulink logical signal (0 or 1) to this input. When this input is high the WTDFIG is disconnected and its control system is disabled. Use this input to implement a simplified version of the protection system.

`Wind (m/s)`

This input is not visible when the External mechanical torque parameter is checked.

Simulink input of the wind speed in m/s.

`Tm`

This input is visible only when the External mechanical torque parameter is checked.

Simulink input of the mechanical torque. Tm must be negative for power generation. Use this input when using an external turbine model.

`Vref`

This input is visible only when the Mode of operation parameter is set to `Voltage regulation` and the External grid voltage reference parameter is checked.

Simulink input of the external reference voltage signal.

`Qref`

This input is visible only when the Mode of operation parameter is set to `Var regulation` and the External generated reactive power reference parameter is checked.

Simulink input of the external reference generated reactive power signal at grid terminals.

`Iq_ref`

This input is visible only when the External reactive current Iq_ref for grid-side converter parameter is checked.

Simulink input of the external reference grid-side converter reactive current signal.

`m`

Simulink output vector containing 29 WTDFIG internal signals. These signals can be individually accessed by using the Bus Selector block. They are, in order:

Signal

Signal Group

Signal Names

Definition

1-3

Iabc (cmplx)
(pu)

Ia (pu)
Ib (pu)
Ic (pu)

Phasor currents Ia, Ib, Ic flowing into the WTDFIG terminals in pu based on the generator rating.

4-6

Vabc (cmplx)
(pu)

Va (pu)
Vb (pu)
Vc (pu)

Phasor voltages (phase to ground) Va, Vb, Vc at the WTDFIG terminals in pu based on the generator rating.

7-8

Vdq_stator
(pu)

Vd_stator (pu)
Vq_stator (pu)

Direct-axis and quadrature-axis component of stator voltage in pu based on the generator rating. Vd_stator and Vq_stator are respectively the real and imaginary parts of the positive-sequence stator phasor voltage.

9-11

Iabc_stator (cmplx)
(pu)

Ia_stator (pu)
Ib_stator (pu)
Ic_stator (pu)

Phasor currents Ia, Ib, Ic flowing into the stator in pu based on the generator rating.

12-13

Idq_stator
(pu)

Id_stator (pu)
Iq_stator (pu)

Direct-axis and quadrature-axis component of stator current in pu based on the generator rating. Id_stator and Iq_stator are respectively the real and imaginary parts of the positive-sequence stator phasor current.

14-15

Vdq_rotor
(pu)

Vd_rotor (pu)
Vq_rotor (pu)

Direct-axis and quadrature-axis component of rotor voltage in pu based on the generator rating. Vd_rotor and Vq_rotor are respectively the real and imaginary parts of the positive-sequence rotor phasor voltage.

16-17

Idq_rotor
(pu)

Id_rotor (pu)
Iq_rotor (pu)

Direct-axis and quadrature-axis component of currents flowing into the rotor in pu based on the generator rating. Id_rotor and Iq_rotor are respectively the real and imaginary parts of the positive-sequence rotor phasor current.

18

wr (pu)

Generator rotor speed (pu)

19

Tm (pu)

Mechanical torque applied to the generator (pu)

20

Te (pu)

Electromagnetic torque in pu based on the generator rating.

21-22

Vdq_grid_conv
(pu)

Vd_grid_conv (pu)
Vq_grid_conv (pu)

Direct-axis and quadrature-axis component of grid-side converter voltage in pu based on the generator rating. Vd_grid_conv and Vq_grid_conv are respectively the real and imaginary parts of the grid-side converter phasor voltage.

23-25

Iabc_grid_conv
(cmplx)
(pu)

Ia_grid_conv (pu)
Ib_grid_conv (pu) Ic_grid_conv (pu)

Phasor currents Ia, Ib, Ic flowing into the grid-side converter in pu based on the generator rating.

26

P (pu)

WTDFIG output power. A positive value indicates power generation.

27

Q (pu)

WTDFIG output reactive power. A positive value indicates reactive power generation.

28

Vdc (V)

DC voltage (V).

29

Pitch_angle (deg)

## Examples

See the `power_wind_dfig` example, which illustrates the steady-state and dynamic performance of the WTDFIG in a 9 MW Wind Farm connected on a 25 kV, 60 Hz, system.

## References

[1] R. Pena, J.C. Clare, G.M. Asher, “Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation,” IEEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 143, No. 3, May 1996

[2] Vladislav Akhmatov, “Variable-Speed Wind Turbines with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators, Part I: Modelling in Dynamic Simulation Tools,” Wind Engineering Volume 26, No. 2, 2002

[3] Nicholas W. Miller, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca, William W. Price, Robert W. Delmerico, “DYNAMIC MODELING OF GE 1.5 AND 3.6 MW WIND TURBINE-GENERATORS FOR STABILITY SIMULATIONS,” GE Power Systems Energy Consulting, IEEE WTG Modeling Panel, Session July 2003